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An Introduction to Carbohydrates
Freeman-Biological Science-Chapter 5
22
Biology
Undergraduate 1
09/22/2010

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Term

carbohydrate

(sugar)

Definition
any of a class of molecules that contains a carbonyl group, several hydroxyl groups, and several to many carbon-hydrogen bonds
Term
monosaccharide
Definition
a small carbohydrate, such as glucose, that has the molecular formula (CH2O)n and cannot be hydrolyzed to form any smaller carbohydrates. Aslo called simple sugars
Term
trioses
Definition
a monosaccharide (simple sugar) containing 3 carbon atoms
Term
Pentose
Definition
a monosaccharide (simple sugar) containing 5 carbon atoms
Term
hexose
Definition
a monosaccharide (simple sugar) containing 6 carbon atoms
Term
polysaccharides
Definition

a linear or branched polymer consisting of many monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages.

 

Term
disaccharides
Definition
a carbohydrate consisting of two monosaccharides (sugar residues) linked together
Term
glycosidic linkage
Definition
the covalent bond created by a condensation reaction between two sugar monomers; joins the residues of a polysaccharide
Term
starch
Definition

A mixture of two storage polysaccharides, amylose and amylopectin, both formed from alpha-glucose monomers.

Amylopectin is branched, and amylose is unbranched.

The major form of stored carbohydrates in plants

Term
glycogen
Definition

A highly branched storage polysaccharide composed of alpha-glucose monomers joined by 1, 4- and 1, 6-glycosidic linkages.

The major form of stored carbohydrate in animals.

Term
cell wall
Definition
a fibrous layer found outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria and archaea and many eukaryotes
Term
cellulose
Definition

A structural polysaccharide composed of beta-glucose monomers joined by beta-1, 4-glycosidic linkages.

Found in the cell wall of algae, plants, bacteria, fungi, and some other groups.

Term
chitin
Definition

a structural polysaccharide composed of N-acetylglucosamine monomers joined end to end by beta-1,4-glucosidic linkages.

Found in cell walls of fungi and many algae, and in external skeletons of insects and crustaceans

Term
peptidoglycan
Definition
a complex structural polysaccharide found in bacterial cell walls
Term
glycoprotein
Definition
any protein with one or more covalently bonded carbohydrate groups
Term
photosynthesis
Definition

the complex biological process that converts the energy of light into chemical energy stored in glucose and other organic molecules.

Occurs in plants, algae, and some bacteria.

Term
phosphorylase
Definition
an enzyme that breaks down glycogen by catalyzing hydrolysis of the alpha-glycosidic linkages between the glucose residues
Term
amylases
Definition
any enzyme that can breakdown starch by catalyzing hydrolysis of the glycosidic linkages between glucose residues
Term
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Definition

a molecule consisting of adenine, a sugar, and three phosphate groups that can be hydrolyzed to release energy.

Universally used by cells to store and transfer energy

Term
aldose
Definition
Term
oligosaccharides
Definition
Carbohydrate polymers with relatively few residues (refers to a specific monomer within the polymeric chain of a polysaccharide, protein or nucleic acid)
Term
adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
Definition

a molecule consisting of adenine, a sugar, and two phosphate groups.

addition of a third phosphate group produces ATP

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