1. As the lungs expand, pressure within the lungs (compared to pressure outside of the lungs) is reduced, and results in an equalizing of pressure  inside and outside the lungs.

2. At the point of pressure eqaulization, muscles contract to reduce the volume of the chest cavity, creating positive pressure within the lungs, causing exhalation.

1. Inhalation

2. Chest and lungs expand

3. Diaphragm lowers

4. air flows in through the nose and mouth

5. air goes down pharynx and between vocal folds

6. air continues downward through trachea and bronchial tubes

7.air reaches final destination of the lungs

How does the RIGHT lung differ from the LEFT lung?

1. Composed of 20 rings of cartilage

2. Tracheal rings are incomplete in the back where they come into contact with the esophagus.

3. The trachea extends from the larynx to the sixth vertebra

4. The last tracheal ring bifucates into the primary bronchi at the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra

1. Cervical vertebrae (7: C1-C7)

2. Thoracic vertebrae (12: T1-T12)

3. Lumbar vertebrae (5: L1-L5

4. Sacral vertebrae (5:S1-S5)

5. Coccygeal vertebrae (3-4: all fused together and called coccyx)

Three parts the make up the STERNUM

Manubrium

Corpus

Xiphoid Process

1. Sternum

2. 12 Thoracic Vertebrae

3. 12 pairs of ribs

1. Hyiod Bone

2. Thyroid cartilage

3. Cricoid Cartilage

4. Tracheal ring

Adduction of vocal folds:

Movement toward midline 

(closure)

Movement away from midline

(opening)

What are the biological functions of the larynx?

IE: functions other than for producing speech

1. Provides CLosure of trachea to protect the airway from from/liquid

2. Production of the cough reflex to expell foriegn substanecs

3. Closure of vocal folds in order to build subglottic pressure necessary for physical tasks such as lifting.

What are the 6 intrinsic larygeal muscles?

What are thier functions?

1. Thyroarytenoid: attached to the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages. Divides into two muscle masses (internal and external thyroarytenoid.

2. Lateral cricoarytenoid: Adducts vocal folds and increases medial compression

3. Transverse arytenoids: Adducts vocal folds

4. Oblique arytenoids: pulls apex of arytenoids in a medial direction

5. Cricothyroid: lengthens and tenses the vocal folds

6. Posterior cricoarytenoid: Abducts vocal folds

Cranial nerve X (Vagus Nerve)

Muscles:

Thyroarytenoid

lateral cricoarytenoid

transverse arytenoid

oblique arytenoid

cricothyroid

posterior cricoarytenoid

what are the suprahyoid muscles and what is thier funtion?

They are extrinsic laryngeal muscles the lie above the hyoid bone.  They elevate the larynx.

Digastric

geniohyoid

stylohyoid

hyoglossus

genioglossus

What are the infrahyoid muscles and what is thier function?

Extrinsic laryngeal muscles located below the hyoid bone.  Thier main function is to lower the larynx.

Thyrohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid, and sternohyoid.

1. digastric: v (trigeminal) & vii (facial) 

2. geniohyoid: xii (hypoglosal) & C1

3. mylohyoid: v (trigeminal)

4. stylohyoid: vii ( facial)

5. hyoglossus: xii (hypoglosal)

6. genioglossus: xii (hypoglossal)

Innervation of the infrahyoid muscles:

1. thyrohyoid: xii, c1

2. omohyoid: c1 - c3

3. sternothyroid: c1-c3

4. sternohyoid: c1-c3

1. epithelium (outer cover)

2. lamina propria (middle layer: actually composed of three layers it'self)

3. vocalis muscle (body)

1. aryepiglottic folds: seperate the laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx and help preserve the airway.

2. Ventricular folds (false vocal folds): the ventricular folds conpress during activities such as coughing and lifting heavy items.

Air flow out of the lungs is momentarily stopped by the closed vocal folds.

This builds up subglottic air pressure which eventually blows the vocal folds apart.

The air then moves with increased velocity through the glottal opening.

As air moves through the vocal folds, the pressure between the edges of the vocal folds decreases and consequently the folds are sucked together.

Describe the mucousl wave of the vocal folds

Area 4 (Primary motor cortex)

Area 44 ( Broca's area)

Araes 3, 1, 2 (Somatosensory cortex)

Area 6 (Supplementary/pre motor cortex)

Primary function: to regulate motor movement (Critical for the control of speech movement)

Other important functions: coordination of the laryngeal muscles for adequate phonation. Also, critical for effective functioning of speech systems such as respiration

Branches of CN X (Vagus)

*Superior Laryngeal Nerve (SLN): Internal and external branches; Internal branch provides all sensory information to the larynx.  External branch supplies motor innervation primarily for the cricothyroid.

*Recurrent Laryngeal nerve: SUpplies all motor inervation to the interaryteniod, posterior cricoarytenoid, thyroarytenoid, and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles.  It supplies all sensory innervation below the vocal folds.

1. Pharynx

2. Nasal Cavity

3. Oral cavity

Coupling: the velum/soft palate is lowered and the oral and nasal cavities are not seperated from one another.

Decoupling: the oral and nasal cavities are seperated from each other by the velum/sorft palate.

1. Laryngopharynx begins superior to larynx and ends at base of tongue.

2.  oropharynx: extends up to soft palate and is connected to the...

3. nasopharynx: ends where the nasal cavity begins.

x (vagus) and xi (spinal accesory)

X and XI

Vagus and spinal accessory

Premaxilla

Palatine process

alveolar process

palatine bone (soft palate place of attachment)

Muscles of the mandible, innervation, and function

baby teeth

20 total

XII

hypoglossal nerve

VII Facial nerve

Buccal branch

or

mandibular branch

What are two kinds of glial cells/neuroglia?

What do they do?

Schwan cells and oligodendroglia

Thier function is to produce myeling aound nerve cell axons.

1. motor neurons: (efferent neurons) transmit impulses away from the central nervouse system.  Motor neurons are responsible for glanular secretions and muscular contractions.

2. Sensory neurons: (Afferent neurons) transmitsensory impulsesfrom the peripheral sense organs to the brain.

3. Interneurons: Most common type of neuron.  They link nerons with other nerons and play an important role in controlling movement

the PNS is a colection of nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.  They carry sensory impulses originating in the periphery to the brain, and motor impulses originating in the brain to glands and muscles of the body.

Three types of nerves in PNS:

1. Cranial (12 pairs)

2. Spinal (31 pairs)

3. autonamic nerves

Acording to where they exit at the base of the skull.

S= sensory; M= motor

I: olfactory (S)

II: Optic (S)

III: Oculomotor (M)

IV: Trochlear (M)

V: Trigeminal (S) (M)

VI: Abducens (M)

VII: Facial (S) (M)

VIII: Acoustic (S)

IX: Glossopharyngeal (S) (M)

X: Vagus (S) (M)

XI: Spinal Accessory (M)

XII: Hypoglossal (M)

What crainial nerves are not connected with speech and language? 

What do they do?

CNs I, II, II, IV, and VI

I: olfactory: sense of smell (S)

II: Optic: Vision (S)

III: Occulomotor: Eye movement (M)

IV: Trochlear: Eye Movement (M)

VI: Abducens: Eye movement (M)

 V: Trigeminal

VII: Facial

VIII: Acoustic

IX: Glossopharyngeal

X: Vagus

XI: Spinal accessory

XII: Hypoglossal

A imxed nerve, composed of both sensory and motor fibers.  Sensory fibers have three branches:

1. Opthalmic branch: sesory info from nose, eyes, and forehead

2. Maxillary branch: Sensory info from upper lip maxilla, upper cheeck area, upper teeth, maxillary sinus, and palate.

3. Mandibular branch: Sensory info from mandible, lower teeth, lower lip, tongue, part of cheeck and part of external ear. 

Provides innervation to the jaw muscles:

Temporalis

lateral and medial pterygoid

masseter

Tensor Veli Palatini

Tensor Tympani

Mylohyoid

Anterior belly of the digastric

Innervates muscles important to facial expression and speech:

Buccinator

zygomatic

orbicularis oris

orbicularis oculi

platysma

stapedious

stylohyoid

frontalis

procerus

nasalis

depressor labii inferioris

depressor anguli oris

auricular muscles

various labial muscles

posterior belly of the digastric

Vestibular: responsible for maintenance of equillibrium or balance.

Acoustic: Transmits sensory information from the cochlea of the inner ear to the primary auditory cortex of the brain where it is interpreted.

Hearing loss

problems with balance

Mixed! 

Both motor and sensory

Assists in processing taste sensation from posterior 1/3 of tongue.

General sensation from the tympanic cavity, ear canal, eustachian tubes, faucile pillars, tonsils, soft palate, and pharynx

Innervates the stylopharyngeus (a muscle that raises and dialates the pahrynx)

Also, CN IX and CN X work together to innervate the pharyngeal plexus, which innervates the upper pharyngeal constrictor muscle.

Difficulty swallowing

unilateral loss of gag reflex

loss of taste sensation to posterior 1/3 of tongue

Mixed nerve

Two branches:

1. Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN)

2. Pharyngeal branch

it regulates intrinsic muscles of the larynx, excluding the cricothyroid (supplied by superior laryngeal nerve).

RLN is easily damaged in surguries involving the neck due to it's placement.  Damage to RLN results in total or partial paralysis of the vocal folds.

Supplies the pharyngeal constrictors

all muscles of the velum except tensor tympani (Trigeminal innervation)

neck weakness

paralysis of the sternocleidomastiod

inability to turn head

innability to shrug shoulders

innability to raise arms above shoulder level

supplies three extrinsic muscles of the tongue:

styloglossus, hyoglossus, genioglossus

Supplies all intrinsic muscles

tongue paralysis

diminished intelligibility

swallowing problems

Spinal nerves:

Type

General Function

Spinal nerves can be motor, sensory, or mixed

They transmit motor information from the central nervous system to the muscles, and carry sensory information from peripheral receptors to the CNS

They are attached to the spinal cord through two roots:

1. Efferent ventral

2. Afferent Dorsal

Divided into segments and named after the region of the spinal cord to which they are attached.

8 pairs pf cervical spinal nerves (C1-C8)

12 pairs of thoracic spinal nerves (T1-T12)

5 pairs of lumbar spinal nerves (L1-L5)

5 pairs of Sacral spinal nerves (S1-S5)

1 pair of coccygeal spinal nerves (Co1)

Autonaumic nervous system:

description and function

Part of the peripheral nervous system

Controls and regulates internal environment of our bodies

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic divisions

Sypathetic branch:

mobilizes the body for fight or flight

Accelerates heart rate

dialates pupils

raises heart rate

etc.

Parasympathetic branch:

Brings body back to a state of relaxation

lowers blood pressure

slows heart rate

increases activity in stomach

ETC

cranial nerves

spinal nerves

autonomic nervous system: sympathetic and parasypathetic branches

Components of the central nervous system:

Spinal cord 

Brain

Oldest part of brain

connects spinal cord with brain via diencephalon

Longitudinal fiber tracts

cranial nerve nuclei

reticular formation

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla

Midbrain/mesencephalon:

Location

Key structures

Functions

Located superior to the pons and inferior to the deincephalon

superior peduncles help connect the brain stem and cerebellum

Substantia nigraruns verticle length of the midbrain at level of the peduncles

Cranial nerve nuclei:

IV (Trochlear) and III (occulomotor) 

control of many motor and sensory functions:

Postural reflexes

visual reflexes

eye movements

coordination of eye and head movements

Pons/Metencephalon

Location

Key structures

Functions 

Bridges two halfs of cerebellum and located directly inferior to the midbrain

Pons contains many descending motor fibers involved with hearing and balance

Houses the cranial nerve nuclei of V (Trigeminal) and VII (Facial)

Pons transmits information relevant to movement from the cerebral hemispheres to the cerebellum.

Medulla/Myelencephalon:

Location 

Key structures

Function

Inferior to the midbrain and pons; uppermost portion of the spinal cord

Contains all fibers that originate in the cerebellum and cerebrum and move downward from the spinal cord.

Cranial nerve nuclei: VIII (gvestibulocochlear); IX (glosopharyngeal); X (Vagus); XI (spinal accessory); and XII (glossopharyngeal)

Controls vital bodily functions such as breathing, digestion, heart rate and blood pressure.

Carries commands from motor center of brainto various muscles via the pyramidal tracts

Reticular activating system:

Location

Function

Location: within the midbrain, brainstem, and upper portion of the spinal cord

Functions:  integrates motor impulses flowing out of the brain with sensory impulses flowing into it.

Primary mechanism of attention and consciousness (important in controlling sleep/wake cycles)

Diencephalon:

location

Key structures

Functions

Lies above the midbrain and between the brainstem and the cerebral hemispheres

Contains the third ventricle, thalamus, and hypothalamus

It regulates sensory information that flows into the brain and relays sensory impulses to various portions of the cerebral cortex.

Also receives information about motor impulses from the cerebellum and basal ganglia and relays this info to motor areas of the cerebral cortex

Critical for the maintenance of conciousness and alretness.

Lies inferior to the thalamus helps integrate the actions of the autonomic nervous system.

Also controlls emotions