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Amino Acid Synthesis
EVMS biochem AA synthesis
45
Biochemistry
Graduate
04/19/2011

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Term
cysteine (made from methionine)
tyrosine (made from phenyalanine)
Definition
two non-essential amino acids that are made from essential amino acids are
Term
1. histidine
2. isoleucine
3.leucine
4. lysine
5. methionine
6. phenylalanine
7. threonine
8. tryptophan
9. valine
Definition
the 9 essential amino acids
Term
serine
Definition
cysteine's carbon skeleton is obtained from
Term
methionine
Definition
cysteine's sulfur atom is obtained from
Term
glucose
Definition
carbon skeletons of most amino acids are derived from catabolism of
Term
other Amino Acids
Definition
nitrogen groups for amino acids are obtained from
Term
Glutamate carbons and nitrogen
Definition
are utilized for the synthesis of arginine, proline, and glutamine
Term
ornithine
Definition
used to synthesize arginine, is synthesized from glutamate
Term
glutamate is reduced to semialdehyde
transamination to ornithine
Definition
the reactions that synthesize ornithine from glutamate
Term
glutamate y-semialdehyde synthetase
Definition
catalyzes the reaction from glutamate to glutamate semialdehyde, needs ATP and NADPH
Term
ornithine aminotransferase
Definition
enzyme that catalyzes ornithine synthesis from glutamate semialdehyde
Term
intestinal mucose
Definition
converts ornithine to citrulline using Urea cycle enzymes, tissue area
Term
kidney
Definition
converts citrulline to arginine using the urea cycle enzymes, tissue type
Term
intestinal mucosa and kidney
Definition
these tissues lack arginase and do not synthesize urea
Term
glutamate semialdehyde
Definition
cyclizes spontaneously to produce the precursor for proline
Term
pyrroline 5-carboxylate reductase
Definition
the enzume that reduces pyrroline 5-carboxylate to proline, uses NADPH
Term
proline dehydrogenase
Definition
involved in proline degradation, utilizes a FAD dependent dehydrogenase
Term
glutamine synthetase
Definition
produces glutamine from glutamate, utilizes NH4 and ATP to form an amide bone, irreversible
Term
glutaminase
Definition
catalyzes glutamine to glutamate
Term
glutamate
Definition
synthesis of this from a-ketoglutarate is reversible and does not require ATP
Term
glutamine synthesis in muscle
Definition
provides subsequent NH4 for proton excretion by the kidneys
Term
1. protein synthesis
2. ammoniagenesis for proton excretion
3. nitrogen donor for synthesis
4. glutamate donor for synthesis
Definition
4 main functions of glutamine
Term
1. starvation
2. stress
3. intreated type I diabetes mellitue
4. glucocorticoid administration
Definition
glutamine synthetase in muscle associated with muscle wasting is induced by these 4 things
Term
1. refeeding
2. endurance exercise
3. restored insulin levels
4. anabolic steroids
Definition
glutamine synthetase in muscle is reduced by these 4 things
Term
glutamate
Definition
provides the amino group for synthesis of aspartate from oxaloacetate by transamination
Term
glutamine
Definition
the amide nitrogen of asparagine is derived from rather than NH4
Term
asparagine synthetase
Definition
converts aspartate to asparagine, requires ATP
Term
asparaginase
Definition
converts asparagine to aspartate and releases NH4
Term
serine and glycine
Definition
glucose carbons are used for synthesis of
Term
dietary tyrosine and cysteine
Definition
can reduce the requirements for methionine and phenylalanine
Term
essential amino acids
Definition
infants and children aslo require a higher percentage of their dietary protein as
Term
protein quality
Definition
the capacity of a dietary protein to provide essential amino acids
Term
amino acid score
Definition
equals content of individual EAA in food protein (mg/g) / content of that amino acid in reference protein (mg/g)
Term
lysine, methionine (cysteine) threonine, tryptophan
Definition
the four essential amino acids that are most likely to affect the protein quality of mixed human diets
Term
complete proteins
Definition
animal proteins usually supply all the essential amino acids in the needed quantities . they have amino acid scores close to 100 and are often called
Term
gelatin
Definition
is a particularly low quality animal protein
Term
incomplete proteins
Definition
many vegetable proteins have lower amino acid scores. they contain all of the essential amino acids in a non-optimal mixture. These are called... sufficient quantities can fully provide for nutritional needs.
Term
biologic value
Definition
is an empirical measure of protein quality. the numers are usually similar to the amino acid scores
Term
high protein
Definition
can be stressful for the kidney, liver, may increase urine calcium and osteoporosis and calcium stones
Term
kwashiorkor
Definition
protein malnutrition, the sickness the older child gets when the next is born, often precipitated by infection
Term
marasmus
Definition
starvation, low insulin levels, brain using ketone bodies as well as glucose, sparing of amino acids increases availability for synthesis of albumin and other proteins by the liver
Term
kwashiorkor
Definition
not starvation, less amino acid mobilization from muscle, less muscle wasting, but greater impariment of protein synthesis by visceral organs
Term
hypercatabolic syndrome
Definition
result of trama, surgery, infections, septic stress, increased fuel utilization and gluconeogenesis, hyperglycemis, negative nitrogen balance, increase urinary urea, lean body mass wasting
Term
catabolic hormones, and inflammatory cytokines
Definition
increased in circulation in hypercatabolic states
Term
increased protein intake
Definition
can minimize but not eliminate the negative nitrogen balance
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