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| The opinion of the general public on political issues |
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Opinion - less deeply rooted judgments on leaders, policy. Can easily change.
Political Attitudes - fundamental perspectives on enduring social/political questions. Not easily changed.
Values - Ideas and Commitments that involve religious beliefs and morals. Hardly ever changed. |
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| how intensely a person feels about an issue. |
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| an issues's relevance and importance |
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| How long lasting is the opinion. |
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| How one learns their political beliefs, values, etc. |
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| Agents of Political Socialization |
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| Media, Family, Community/Region, School, Political Leaders, religion, peers, events, and income |
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Cultural Thinking
Ideological Thinking
Group Thinking
Partisan Thinking |
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| consistent pattern of thinking emerging from a deeply rooted belief |
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| see politics through the lense of a group |
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| encourages individuals to understand differences because of memberships in multiple groups. Leads to a more moderate opinion. |
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| Thinking influenced by party associations. See chart 214 |
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| Secret Ballot (occurred in the progressive era) |
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| 1993 - Allowed individuals to register to vote when they got their license and at other governmental offices. |
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| Voting against a candidate/party because of past shortcomings. |
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| Forward-looking voting. Researching candidates and choosing the ones that promise what you want. Showing what you want, not just what you don't want. |
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| Simple Member District, Simple Majority/plurality |
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| The candidate that wins the most votes gets all the electoral votes. |
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| Single Member District, absolute Majority |
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| If one candidate fails to win greater than 50% of the votes, a runoff election occurs. |
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| Multi-member, proportional |
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| Each candidate gets a percentage of the electoral votes that match his percentage of the popular vote. |
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| Either Party can vote can vote for the presidential nominee. |
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| Only a member of the party can vote in that party's primary. |
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| All candidates are listed on one ballot without mention of their party. Was deemed unconstitutional b/c it violates the freedom of association right. |
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| Determines a party's nominee for the presidential election. When you vote you are actually choosing a slate of delegates who will vote for you candidate at the convention. |
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| Members of a party at the convention that are allowed to vote they way they chose despite the popular vote. |
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| Delegates going to the convention must vote how the popular vote of the state suggests. |
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| Created after the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Delegates had to be tied to the popular vote. A candidate also had to run in the primaries to become the nominee. |
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| Political Action Committees: are allowed to donate money to a candidate, must be registered. |
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| 1. Disruption of existing political order because of the emergence of one or more unusually powerful and divisive issues. |
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| An election contest in which the voters shift their support strongly in favor of one party. |
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| A major change in policy brought about through the action of a stronger party. |
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| An enduring change in the party coalitions, which works to the advantage of the dominant party. |
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| 1786-1820's. Opposed to a strong central government. Mostly Southerners for states' rights. |
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| 1786-1820s. Mostly Wealthy Northerners. Supported a strong central government. Adams runs under Hamilton's Ideology. |
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| 1820-1830s. Partisan bitterness abated. Country mostly united under one party. |
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| 1830s-1850s. Appealed to the common man. Took away property requirements to vote. |
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| 1830s-1850s. Anti-Jackson. No real party platform. |
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| 1860's and up. Laborers, the common man. |
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| 1860s and up. Moneyed interests. |
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| Reconciles differences in version of bills between the House and Senate. |
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| Meaningless chatter intended to prolong voting on an issue. Forces compromises because 2/3rds of the Senate must vote to end the filibuster. |
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| 1896- 1932 Triggered by Depression. Republicans were still in charge, but there were splits within the parties, forming the old guard and the progressives. |
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| New Deal Era. Led people to expect a realignment every 30 years. |
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| Different branches of government are controlled by different parties. |
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| One party controls all the branches of government. |
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| Candidate Centered Voting |
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| The candidate must appeal to the voters, so we feel more associated with the individual and not the party. Parties become less important. |
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1. Organized Attempt to Win Power.
2. Aggregation and representation of interests.
3. Governing
4. Political Socialization |
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| The party should be held accountable as a whole. Opposed to Candidate Centered Voting. |
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| Maisel. Make parties have more control over who is nominated. More accountability between the candidate, party and the platform. |
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| Individuals who organize to promote a shared political interest. |
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| Functions of the Interest Group |
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1. Promote Public Policies
2. Encourage Political Participation
3. Support Candidates for Office
4. Work to influence policy makers. |
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| Schattschneider, "The Semisovereign People" |
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| Argues that interest groups consist of mostly upper class people. Thinks parties are a better way to represent the people because they are less biased towards the upper class. |
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| Governmental, Economic, Citizen |
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| Governmental Interest Groups |
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| Foreign Governments, as well as state and city governments, pay lobbyists to provide information to people on capitol hill. |
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| Are able to offer people incentives for membership. 4 types: business, labor, professional, agriculture. |
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| Rally for collective benefits. Types include: public interests, single issue, and ideological. |
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| An individual who enjoys the benefits provided by a citizen interest, but does not pay dues to the group. |
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| focus on contacting people in Washington by lobbying, helping to draft legislation, write amicus curiae. |
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| Focus on mobilizing the public by media ads, Grassroots campaigns, direct mail and by collecting money from people for PACs. |
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| Money, Size, Mobilization, Organization, Saliency, Staff, Legitimacy, Intensity, focus, and reputation. |
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| Connection between Interest Groups, Executive Agencies, and Congressional Committee. Enforces status quo policy. |
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| When people go from working inside of the government to being lobbyists working in the private sector. Enforces status quo to a lesser degree than iron triangles. |
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| Same names reappear over and over again centered around certain issues. More fluid than iron triangle. People are called into issue networks because of expertise. |
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| Individual Fat Cats (1970) |
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| Individuals who give large sums of money to candidates without recording it. It was feared that these people would influence government so that it would benefit only them. Led to limits on how much an individual to give to a candidate. |
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| Should the Gov't be able to decide how an individual spends his money? Court decided that and individual could spend money independently (like buying an ad) but could not give unlimited amounts of money to a candidate. Led to a sharp increase in the number of interest groups. |
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| Money that is donated to the parties. |
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| Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act |
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| John McCain. (2003) Places limits on the use of soft money. 10,000 per state and local election. |
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| Issue Advocacy Groups: loophole for BCRA. Are independent of candidate and party and unlimited in spending. |
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| Each individual writes a check for 2000, and that check is collected by an interest group. The interest group then bundles the check and delivers them to the candidate. |
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| Lowi - Interest Group Liberalism |
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| The gov't has become its own force. Socialism to the organized groups and capitalism to unorganized groups. The gov't underwrites industries that would hurt people if they were to flop. Ex. The bailouts |
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| Our gov't is decided, so once an interest group gains power, it is hard to undo that. |
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| Clogged Arteries. You can't remove the interest groups that already have power, which means that there aren't resources for new interest groups. |
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