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| an itinerant (like gypsies) group of teachers…if u DID steal that goat, they would b able to teach u how to get yourself “off the hook.” |
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| (Credibility), or ethical appeal, means convincing by the character of the author. We tend to believe people whom we respect. One of the central problems of argumentation is to project an impression to the reader that you are someone worth listening to, in other words making yourself as author into an authority on the subject of the paper, as well as someone who is likable and worthy of respect. |
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| (Logical) means persuading by the use of reasoning. This will be the most important technique we will study, and Aristotle's favorite. We'll look at deductive and inductive reasoning, and discuss what makes an effective, persuasive reason to back up your claims. Giving reasons is the heart of argumentation, and cannot be emphasized enough. We'll study the types of support you can use to substantiate your thesis, and look at some of the common logical fallacies, in order to avoid them in your writing. |
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| (Emotional) means persuading by appealing to the reader's emotions. We can look at texts ranging from classic essays to contemporary advertisements to see how pathos, emotional appeals, are used to persuade. Language choice affects the audience's emotional response, and emotional appeal can effectively be used to enhance an argument. |
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| TRUE Rhetoric (According to Aristotle) |
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| in any given case using all/any available means of persuasion. [i.e. women who just start crying when they get pulled over for going 50 in a 40…or using something that u see on a prof’s desk to get them perhaps talkin about their kids and in a better mood so that when u bring up your grades they are more likely to help b/c they are now in a good mood!] |
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| Aristotle cared about _______________? |
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| a roman orator that spoke of what an ideal type of orator and how we should strive to be just that |
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| b/c humans create and respond to symbols; all of our actions are symbolic b/c WE create symbols and then respond to them |
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| insofar that we have different interests and if both parties have similar interests, we’re gonna try together to achieve that end/goal |
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| The power of language in rhetoric; wrote about pwr and how we dominate pple with words, the way we talk and structure our sentences/message; who is in power and how they act/what they say in those roles |
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| the reason y we are responding…an imperfection marked by urgency |
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| mediators of change and they set the boundaries so u cater the message to them; they are the ones who actually DO what u r saying |
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| something that holds something back, boundaries, limitations; lack of evidence, personal morals, radical or different from the status quo points of view/an unorthodox idea, audience’s beliefs and values-b attuned to what the audience thinks and message has to adapt to them b/c they can constrain you, environment (if it’s raining and u have to speak outside, language, technology available |
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Characteristics of non-political apologia |
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1. Denial
2. Evasion of Responsability
3. Reducing the Offensiveness
4.Corrective Action |
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1. Simple Denial (I didn't do it)
2. Shifting the Blame aka Scape Goating |
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| Evasion of Responsibility |
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Definition
1. Provocation (Reasonable response)
2. De-feasibility (occurred due to a lack information)
3. Accident (not on purpose)
4. Good intentions (not willfully evil or bad) |
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| Reducing the Offensiveness |
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Definition
1. Bolstering (emphasizing good traits)
2. Minimizeation (portray them as minor)
3. Differentiation (acts should be distinugished from other acts)
4. Transcendence (place in larger context/look at bigger picture w/ issues)
5. Attack one's accusers (Reduce accuser's credibility)
6. Compensation (offers payment or restitution) |
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1. Fix the damage
2. Mortification (apology, admission of sorrow or regret) |
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