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| Literary Periods before Romanticism |
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Definition
1. Colonialism (1607-1765)
2. Revolutionary and Early Nationalism (1765-1830) |
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| Literary Periods after Romanticism |
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Definition
1. Realism (1865-1900)
2. Naturalism (1900-1930)
3. Modernism (1930-1960) |
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Definition
| "Any revival or period of marked improvement and new life in art, literature, etc." |
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| Define American Renaissance |
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Definition
| "Not a rebirth of values that had previously existed in America, but as America's way of producing a renaissance, by coming to its first maturity and affirming its rightful heritage in the whole expanse of art and culture. |
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Term
| Key Characteristics of Romanticism |
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Definition
| emphasis on imagination and emotions; individuality; mysticism, pantheism, and transcendentalism; gothicism (horror and architecture); humanitarianism; love of nature; |
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Definition
| belief in the superiority of the simple life; often of a society remote in time and place |
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Definition
| interest in the prehistoric, medieval, and recent pasts, as well as the classical past |
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Term
| Sources of transcendentalism |
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Definition
| deism, frontier spirit, optimism, individualism, anti-traditionalism, unitarianism, anti-trinitarianism, anti-calvinism |
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Term
| Transcendentalism defined |
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Definition
| "A philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England, particularly in Concord, MA (1836-1860)" |
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| Characteristics of Transcendentalism |
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Definition
| living close to nature, dignity of manual labor, intellectual companionship, individualistic religion, divine humanity, self-reliance, democracy and individualism |
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Term
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Definition
| quarterly magazine of literature, philosophy, and religion edited by Margaret Fuller and Ralph Waldo Emerson |
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Term
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Definition
| Informal meetings in Emerson's home in Concord, MA to discuss philosophy, theology and religion |
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Term
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Definition
| literary communal farm attended by Hawthorne in West Roxbury, MA; provided physical, intellectual, and moral education; led by George Ripley |
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Term
| Transcendentalism is a reaction against what? |
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Definition
1. Materialism
2. Traditionalism (Calvinism) |
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Term
| Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) |
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Definition
Harvard Grad; former minister; turned from pastoral care after passing of his wife and marries his second wife
1. Wrote Nature, The American Scholar, and Self-Reliance |
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Term
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Definition
1. importance of present
2. Importance of self-reliance and intuition
3. optimism and hope
4. individualism |
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Term
| Summary of "Nature" (1836) |
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Definition
| nature was made for man and is our best teacher; interaction b/t man and nature is what makes up life; nature produces a reverent manm |
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Term
| Summary of "The American Scholar" (1837) |
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Definition
| called "intellectual Declaration of Independence"; emphasized nature, books, and action |
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Term
| Summary of "The Divinity School Address" (1838) |
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Definition
| delivered to senior class at Harvard; delivered as an ex-preacher; truth is only attainable through intuition and historical Christianity has fallen into error; emphasis on nuanced preaching through individualistic messaged and conscience |
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Term
| Summary of "Self-Reliance" (1831) |
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Definition
| trust in oneself; do not fear public opinion and do not have undue reverence for one's own consistency |
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Term
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Definition
1. The materials of poetry are limitless because the mind is limitless
2. The poet's mission is to penetrate spiritual essence and meaning, liberate men from old thoughts and inspire them with new ones, and show men their relation to the universe.
3. America needs a national poet (answered by Whitman) |
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Term
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Definition
| commemorated battle of Lexington and Concord; sung at completion of Revolutionary Battle Monument in Concord, MA |
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Term
| Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) |
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Definition
nature writer, economist, literary artist, philosophical anarchist, environmentalist,
occupation: teacher, pencil factory worker, handyman, surveyor, writer |
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Term
| James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) |
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Definition
| Born in NJ; Father founded Cooperstown, NY; worked as a sailor in the Navy, farmer, Novelist, went on European Voyages |
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Term
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Definition
| wrote first novel series; first to treat tories sympathetically, first professional American man of letters, first international novelist to take Christianity seriously |
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Term
| Narrative Order of "Leatherstocking Tales" |
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Definition
| Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneers, The Prarie |
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Term
| Chronological order of "The Leatherstocking Tales" |
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Definition
| The Pioneers, The Last of the Mohicans, The Prarie, The Pathfinder, The Deerslayer |
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Term
| Characteristics of Natty Bumppo |
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Definition
| perfect woodsman, dislikes restraints and destructiveness of settlements, understands and loves the forest, moral quality, generous to friend and foe, possesses a simple and staunch morality |
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Term
| Louisiana Purchase (1803) |
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Definition
| U.S. bought LA territory from France for $15 million; land from MS river to Rocky Mtns; set the scene for the Leatherstocking Tales |
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Term
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Definition
| idea that primitive human beings are naturally good and whatever evil develops is from corrupt civilization; indelible freedom |
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Term
| Contrast of Indian Characters in Cooper's Novels |
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Definition
1. Good- personification of the Noble Savage (Mohicans, Delawares, Pawnees)
1. Bad- cause of frontier massacres, scalpings; agents of gothic terror; they were vengeful, treacherous, and brutal (Iroquois [Mingoes], Hurons, and Sioux) |
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Term
| What is the setting of "The Pathfinder"? |
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Definition
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Term
| William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) |
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Definition
| led romantic literary revolt against neoclassical constraints; favored short poems; optimistic; believed that Americans should not strive to be completely original in literature; believed that Americans should creatively imitate and selectively borrow from past literature |
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Term
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Definition
| used primitivism and natural scene; faith in the perfectiblity of man; emphasis on individuality and imagination; use of FREE VERSE and departed from aesthetic rules of 18th century |
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Term
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Definition
| most famous poem; written at age 16; Gk. for "meditation on death"; earth claims all that is nourishes; man should have no fear of death; death comes to all |
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Term
| Bryant's "To a Waterfowl" |
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Definition
| "the most perfect brief poem"; expresses poet's grateful vision; protective guidance of everything in nature |
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Term
| Bryant's " A Forest Hymn" |
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Definition
| blank verse; tribute to nature; argues that modern mad should return to prehistoric state of communion with nature; the landscape is a living substance |
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Term
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Definition
| denotes the unique beauty of this landscape and the antiquity of its civilizations; history telling of mound builders, animals, and white men |
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Term
| Henry Wadsworth Longfellow |
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Definition
| most popular and beloved American poet of 19th century; more widely read than any other poet in his lifetime; reputation declined in 20th century; classmate of Hawthorne and Pierce at Bowdoin College |
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Term
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Definition
| patriotism and traditional values; celebration of family and domestic life; Oliver Wendell Holmes, John Greenleaf Whittier, James Russell Lowell, Longfellow |
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Term
| Longfellow's "Jewish Cemetery" |
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Definition
| contrast in speech and silence, motion and rest, seen and unseen |
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Term
| Longfellow's "My Lost Youth" |
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Definition
| lyric of nostalgia and freedom of boyhood in Portland, ME |
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Definition
| from Boston, MA; parents, wife, all die in lifetime |
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Definition
| Literary Critic, Short Story writer, Poet |
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Term
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Definition
1. cannot be didactic
2. must be a rhythmic creation of beauty
3. must be short
4. must make the Ideal beautiful and elevate the soul
5. must be melancholic in its beauty
6. must have beautiful women as its subject |
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Term
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Definition
1. must have totality of effect
2. must begin with the first sentence
3. must aim at truth
4. must be short (able to read at one sitting)
5. must have no loose ends |
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Term
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Definition
| influenced by gothicism; used psychological abnormalities to heighten terror; includes "Ligeia," "The Cask of Amontillado," "The Fall of the House of Usher," "The Tell-Tale Heart," and "The Black Cat" |
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Term
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Definition
| grotesque prose poems; "The Masque of the Red Death," "Eleanora," and "Shadow" |
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Term
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Definition
| tales where Poe exercises his sharp and logical mind; focus on intellect rather than imagination; established technique of the modern detective tale; includes "The Gold Bug," "The Murders of the Rue Morgue," and "The Purloined Letter" |
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Term
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Definition
| magic and mystery; chivalry and horror; unknown terror; sensationalism; supernatural horror |
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Term
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Definition
| supernatural play important role; physical courage and love are important; incidents happen through common people and action takes place through dialogue; conclusion through summary stanza |
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Term
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Definition
1. Characters: Annabel Lee, Narrator/Lover, Angels
2. Themes: death of a beautiful lady, young love, goddess/maiden |
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Term
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Definition
| 18 six stanza lines; "nevermore" repeated; melancholy evocation of lost love |
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Term
| Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) |
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Definition
| from Salem, MA; went to Bowdoin College; attended Brook Farm communal living; lived in Old Manse in Concord, MA |
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Term
| Hawthorne's Short Fiction |
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Definition
| Twice Told Tales and Mosses from the Old Manse; both historical with moral, satirical, and supernatural allegories |
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Term
| Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown" |
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Definition
| considered most famous short story ever written; ambiguity of plot ("dream a wild dream") |
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Term
| Hawthorne's "The Scarlet Letter" |
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Definition
| sold 10,800 copies in the first five years; theme with sin of adultery occurring a year before the novels beginning; exploration of different types of sin |
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Term
| Hawthorne's "Blithedale Romance" |
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Definition
| most realistic book (semi-documentary style); 1st person narrator; originally "Hollingsworth, A Romance" |
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Term
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Definition
| founded by George Ripley in West Roxbury, MA; visited by Hawthorne, Fuller, Emerson, and Thoreau; promoted human culture and brotherly cooperation; highest benefits of physical, intellectual, and moral education |
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Definition
| based off of Hawthorne; 1st person narrator |
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Term
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Definition
| projection of Margaret Fuller; first mature consideration of feminism by an American |
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Term
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Definition
| said to resemble Orestes Brown (NE Clergyman) or George Ripley; |
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