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| the district making up the are from which an official is elected |
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| a representative who votes according to the preferences of his or her constituency |
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| a representative who votes based on what he or she thinks is best for his or her constituency |
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| the type of representation according to which representatives are held accountable to their constituents if they fail to represent them properly. That is, constituents have the power to hire and fire their reps |
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| a legislative assembly composed of two chambers or houses |
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| holding a political office for which one is running |
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| an effort by members of Congress to gain the trust and support of constituents by providing personal service. One important type of casework consists of helping constituents obtain favorable treatment from the federal bureaucracy |
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| the resources available to higher officials, usually opportunities to make partisan appointments to offices and to confer grants, licenses or special favors to supporters |
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| the appropriations made by legislative bodies for local projects that often are not needed but are created so that local reps can carry their home district in the next election |
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| party caucus, or party conference |
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| a normally closed meeting of a political or legislative group to select candidate, plan strategy or make decisions regarding legislative matters |
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| the chie presiding officer in the FOR . The speaking is elected at the beginning of every Congress on a straight party vote He or she is the most important party and house member |
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| the elected leader of the party holding a majority of the seats in the Hosue or reps or in the senate. in the house, the majority leader is subordinate in the party hierarchy to the speaker |
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| the elected leader of the party holding less than a majority of the seats in the house of senate |
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| a permanent legislative committee that considers legislation within its designated subject area: the basic unit of deliberation in the house and senate |
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| the priority or status tanking given to an individual on the basis of length or continuous service on a congressional committee |
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| the provision by the house rules committee that prohibits the intro of amendments during debate |
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| the provisions by the house rules committee that permits floor debate and the addition of amendments to a bill |
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| the provisions by the house rules committee that permits floor debate and the addition of amendments to a bill |
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| a tactic used by members of the senate to prevent action on legislation they oppose by continuously holding the floor and speaking until the majority backs down. once given the floor, senators have unlimited time to speak and it requires a cloture votes of 3/5 of the senate to end a filibuster |
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| a rule allowing a supermajority of the members of a legislative body to set a time limit on debate over a given bill |
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| a joint committee created to work out a compromise on house and senate versions of a piece of legislation |
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| the president's constitutional power to turn down acts of congress within 10 days of their passage while congress is in session. a presidential veto may be overridden by a 2/3 vote of each house of congress |
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| a veto that is effected when congress adjourns during the time a president has to approve a bill and the president takes no actions on it |
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| a roll-call in the house or senate in which at least 50 percent of the members of one party take a particular position and are opposed by at least 50% of the members of the other party . party votes are less common today than in 19th century |
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| votes in which each legislator's yes or no vote is recorded |
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| a communications network in each house of congress. whips poll the membership to learn their intentions on specific legislative issues and assist the majority and minority leaders in various tasks |
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| a legislative practice whereby reciprocal agreements are made between legislators usually in voting for or against a bill. in contrast to bargaining, logrolling united parties that have nothing in common but their desire to exchange support |
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| the effort by congress through hearings, investigations and other techniques to exercise control over the activities of executive agencies |
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| agreement between the president and another country that has the force of a treaty by does not require the senate's "advice and consent" |
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| the charging of a governmental official (president or other) with "treason, bribery or other crimes and misdemeanors" and bringing him or her before congress to determine guilt |
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| the tendency of congress to spread the benefits of a policy over a wide range of members' districts |
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| constitutional powers that are assigned to one governmental agency but exercised by another agency with the express permission of the first |
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| powers claimed by a president that are not expressed in the constitution but are inferred from it |
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| the power of the president as commander of the national military and the state national guard units (when called into service) |
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| a resolution of congress declaring that the presdient can send troops into action abroad only by authorization of congress or if US troops are already under attack or seriously threatened |
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| an agreement between the president and another country that has the force of a treaty but does not require the Senate's "advice and consent" |
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the claim that confidential communications between a president and the president's close advisers should not be revealed without the consent of the president
Started by Nixon |
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| the president's constitutional power to turn down acts of congress within 10 days of their passage while congress is in session. a presidential veto my be overridden by a 2/3 vote of each house of congress |
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| a veto that is effected when congress adjourns during the time a president has to approve a bill and the president takes no action on it |
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the power of the executive to veto specific provisions (lines) of a bill passed by the legislature
not allowed anymore - clinton tried |
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| the president's inherent power to bring a legislative agenda before congress |
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| Rule/regulation issued by president that has formal status of legislation. E.g.: President Obama ordering a strike on Yemen on Election Day. |
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| the secretaries or chief administrators of the major departments of the fed gov. cabinet secretaries are appointed by the president with the consent of the SENATE |
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| national security council (NSC) |
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| a presidential foreign policy advisory council composed of the president, the VP, the secretaries of state, defense and treasury, the attorney general and other officials invited by the president |
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| an announcement made by the president when a bill is signed into law |
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| the complex structure of offices, tasks, rules and principles of organization that are employed by all large-scale institutions to coordinate the work of their personnel |
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| the efforts of departments and agencies to translate laws into specific buraucratic routines |
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| a department or bureau of government whose mission is to promote, serve or represent a particular interest |
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| a department, bureau or independent agency who primary mission is to eliminate or restrict certain behaviors defined as negative in themselves or negative in their consequences |
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| administrative legislation |
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| rules made by regulatory agencies and commissions |
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| federal reserve system (the Fed) |
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| consisting of 12 federal reserve banks, the Fed facilitates exchanges of cash, credit and checks; it regulates member banks; and it deploys monetary policies to fight inflation and deflation |
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| the oft-observed phenomenon of bureaucratic implementation that produces policy more to the liking of the bureaucracy than faithful to the original intention of the legislation that created t, but without triggering a political reaction from elected officials |
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| the effort by congress through hearings, investigations and other techniques to exercise control over the activities of executive agencies |
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| a policy of reducing or eliminating regulatory restraints in the conduct of individuals or private institutions |
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| a policy of removing a program from one level of government by delegating it or passing it down to a lower level, for example, from the national government to the state and local governments |
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| the act of removing all or a part of a program from the public sector to the private sector |
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| a law, rule, statue or edict that expresses the government's goals and provides for rewards and punishments to promote their attainment |
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| a good that may be enjoyed by anyone it is provided to and may not be denied to anyone once it has been provided |
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| the differences between the private cost and the social cost of economic behavior |
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| the existence in a market of a single firm that provides all the goods and services of that market; the absence of competition |
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| gross domestic product (GDP) |
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| the total value of goods and services produced within a country |
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| a grant by congress to states and localities given with the condition that expenditures be limited to a problem or group specified by the national government |
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| monetary policy (technique) |
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| policies that control the supply of money, the price of money (interest rate) and the availability of credit |
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| Consisting of 12 Federal Reserve Banks, an agency that facilitates exchanges of cash, checks and credit; it regulates member banks, and it uses monetary policies to fight inflation and deflation |
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| the interest rate charged by the Federal Reserve when commercial banks borrow in order to expand their lending operations; an effective tool of monetary policy |
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| the amount of liquid assets and ready cash that the Federal Reserve requires banks to hold to meet depositors' demands for their money |
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| the process whereby the Open Market Committee of the Federal Reserve buys and sells government securities, etc., to help finance government operations and to reduce or increase the total amount of money circulating in the economy |
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| the interest rate on loans between banks that the Federal Reserve Board influences by affecting the supply of money available |
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| fiscal policy (technique) |
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| the government's use of taxing, monetary and spending power sto manipulate the economy |
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| taxation that hits the upper income brackets more heavily |
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| taxation that hits the lower income brackets more heavily |
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| the amount by which government spending exceeds government revenue in a fiscal year |
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| federal spending that is made up of "uncontrollables," budget items that cannot be controlled through the regular budget process |
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| a budgetary item that is beyond the control of budgetary committees and can be controlled only by substantive legislative action in Congress. Some uncontrollables, such as interest on the debt, are beyond the power of Congress because the terms of payments are set in contracts |
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| federal spending on programs that are controlled through the regular budget process |
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| a government grant of cash or other valuable commodities, such as land, to an individual or organization;used to promote activities desired by the government, to reward political support or to buy off political opposition |
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| the power of government to set conditions on companies seeking to sell goods or service sto government agencies |
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| potentially great power - can override other branches - golden rule = congress controls $ aka lifeline of government but big collective action problem |
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o Pay – not fabulous not bad – would make more as lawyers
o Perks (eg. Parking, pension, some of best healthcare in country)
o Prestige
o Power – vote might be so close that you can really make a difference
o Potomac fever – get to DC & want to stay there – part of something big |
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| congressional expenditures: pork barrel spending |
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| each member of Congress trying to get share of “pork” ($$) to take back to their state – expression from slave times |
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| earmarks ex. bridge to nowhere |
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Definition
==> Bridge in Alaska connecting island to mainland
==> Pushed through by AK senators – Congressional deliberation
==> Island had ~50 residents and these two senators got $50 million dollars to build bridge – so notorious and got so much criticism from both parties – got so much attention because VP nominee Sarah Palin was governor of AK and supported it
==> Gave state of Alaska $2 million to spend how they see fit
==> Critical attention to Congress/low approval levels |
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| both parties say they will reform earmarks..... |
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Definition
| but neither do! they both suck! |
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| institutional presidency - FDR and the new deal |
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Definition
o He did more than any other President in first 100 days – completely changed American society
o First 100 Days = relief from economic disaster
==> Closed banks for a few days
==> Unemployment relief – almost immediate – gave grants to states
o Second emphasis on recovery
==> Agricultural assistance – provided farmers cash subsidies
==> Civilian Conservation Corps – vehicle for putting a lot of these unemployed people back to work – particularly young, able-bodied men to do physical work – rebuild roads, bridges, etc.
==> Securities and Exchange Commission
==> Guaranteed bank deposits
==> Social Security |
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| imperial presidency - john kennedy |
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Definition
o Democrat – very dynamic guy
o Large political agenda – government take active role in American life
o One simple example = we can put a man on the moon in 10 years
o Accelerated Vietnam involvement → this makes him part of imperial P |
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| imperial presidency - lyndon b johnson |
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Definition
o Kennedy’s VP → takes over when assassinated
o Democrat
o Great Society (eg. Medicare) – huge efforts on social/economic issues
o Civil Rights – use Presidency to push legislation
o Voting Rights Act in 1965
o Escalated Vietnam War – again unilaterally
o Much unilateral action |
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o Repooblican
o Moon landing during first year in office
o Environmental Protection Agency founded
o Popularity over time shifts greatly – first couple years many smart things – good things for free trade – gets re-elected in 1972 – but he also did a lot of unilateral things: Vietnam
o Expanded Vietnam War into SE Asia without Congressional approval – invaded Cambodia/Louse
o Impounded budget funds
o Domestic surveillance – people he considered critics/enemies – wire taps/broke into offices/phone taps → so paranoid
o Watergate: 1972 break-in of Dem HQ |
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1973-74
o Senate hearings reveal tapes
o July of 1974 – guy who works at White House no one has heard of before says we were taping all happenings in Nixon’s office → finally get truth?
o Nixon administration obviously does not want to release tapes
o Unanimous Supreme Court decision says must release tapes
o Eg. The Smoking Gun – June 23 – couple days after break-in – Nixon talking to Chief of Staff about break-in and he says we could have CIA do something about this – Bay of Pigs – says CIA should tell FBI to stop doing their job → obstruction of justice – do whatever needs to be done to stop these tapes from being released
o House approves impeachment
o 8/74: Nixon resigns |
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| Budget and Impoundment Control Act (1974) |
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Definition
o P may impound but must submit list
o C can disapprove |
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| • Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (1974) |
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| o Bars surveillance unless court approves |
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| on October 1st of each year |
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