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| A tax on imports or exports |
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| Any large industrial or commercial corporation or combination having a monopolistic or semi-monopolistic control over the production of some good or service |
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| A business that has exclusive control of a good or service, which allows it to control the price |
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| an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals such as protecting the integrity of its trade, achieving higher pay, increasing the number of employees an employer hires, and better working conditions |
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| is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work |
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| The acquisition of additional business activities that are at the same level in similar or different industries through internal or external expansion. |
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| When a company expands its business into areas that are at different points on the same production path, such as when a manufacturer owns its supplier and/or distributor |
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| Interstate commerce act(1887) |
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| Purpose was to regulate railroads to ensure fair rates |
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| Sherman Anti trust act (1890) |
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| Stated that it was illegal for a trust or any other organization to interfere with interstate commerce. |
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| first income tax to help pay for the Civil War |
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| first peacetime income tax enacted |
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2 innovations that made Carnegie Steel so successful:
Bessemer process
Vertical integration |
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| “Scientific Management” observed that worker efficiency could be improved through the use of machines to make fewer motions in less time |
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| supported laissez-faire policies |
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| supported more gov’t involvement |
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Only democratic president
from 1861 - 1913
Pro-business, and opposed high tariffs, Free Silver, inflation, imperialism and subsidies to business, farmers or veterans. |
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The People's Party – founded in 1892
by western farmers
Direct democracy, including direct election of Senators
Labor reform, including the eight hour day
Graduated income tax |
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Mostly poor immigrants
Long working hours
Low pay
No time off
No sick leave
Unsafe working conditions
No unemployment or workers
compensation for injury |
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Developed to unify workers in order to improve their lives
Moved from small local groups to nationally unified groups of workers
Used various methods to achieve their goals
Strikes
Arbitration
Collective bargaining |
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Headed by Terence Powderly
Attracted many Catholics, popular among |
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Accepted semi & unskilled workers, including blacks
Disapproved of strikes, but did resort to using them – also used boycotts
demanded an 8 hour day, supported cooperatives, called to end contract labor system, child & convict labor, pass health & safety legislation, & earn equal pay for equal work |
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| American Federation of Labor (1886) |
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Headed by Samuel Gompers
Coalition of individual craft unions – skilled workers
“a fair day’s wage for a fair day’s work”
More conservative – used peaceful bargaining (striking only when negotiation failed)
High dues & initiation fees |
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| American Railway Union (1893) |
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Headed by Eugene V. Debs – socialist
Nation’s first industrial union – open to all railway workers regardless of craft or service, unskilled and semiskilled
Limited to whites only |
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Carnegie announces plan to cut wages
Sensing discontent among the workers, the Pinkerton Detective Agency is hired to protect the plant so scabs could continue work |
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Company laid off 3,000+ workers &
cuts remaining workers’ pay 25% - 50%
Company did not lower rent for employee housing
Workers brought home less than $6/week |
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| The Inventors and Inventions |
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| From 1860 to 1890, 500,000 patents were issued for new inventions – over 10 times the number issued in the previous 70 years |
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| light bulb, phonograph, motion picture projector |
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Coca Cola
Typewriter
Cash register |
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