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| Any political action, from voting and writing your senator to discussing politics or running for office. |
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| Means of enforcing laws. (police, military, conscription, etc) |
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| Hobbesian view of government |
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| Government exists to maintain order. |
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| Lockean view of government |
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| Government exists to protect individual liberty and personal property. |
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| Humean view of government |
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| Government exists to produce public goods. |
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| Five Principles of Politics |
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Definition
| Rationality Principle, Collective-Action Principle, Institution Principle, Policy Principle, History Principle |
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| All political behavior has a purpose. It is goal-oriented, and political actors make instrumental choices about how to act. |
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| Collective Action Principle |
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| All politics is collective action. As the number and diversity of relevant actors increase, so does the collective action problem. |
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| Institutions routinely solved collective action problems. Institutional arrangements provide for a division of labor, rules regarding decision making, and checks on the powers of political actors and other institutions. These routines and structured relationships enable cooperation that alleviates impediments to collective action. |
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| Policy outcomes are the products of individual preferences and institutional procedures. Outcomes are the products of the intermingling of individual goals and institutions. |
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| History matters. Historical processes shape institutions, and understanding history provides context for political events. |
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| Five Sectors of Colonial Society |
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Definition
New England Merchants
Southern Planters
Royalists
Shopkeepers, artisans, and laborers
Small Farmers |
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| Harmed the interests of Southern Planters and Small Farmers, generated support for revolution amongst the wealthy. |
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| Taxed all official documents, harming interests of all businessmen in the colonies. |
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| Passed in response to Boston Tea Party. Closed the Port of Boston, ordered that minor criminals be extradited to England for trial, and ended colonial westward expansion. |
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| Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union |
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Definition
| First constitution, ratified in 1781. Left central government too weak. Lacked clear delegation of leadership. No head of state, and Congress must vote unanimously to pass laws. No tax laws, no standing army. Failed in 1789. |
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| Banks in Boston foreclose on homes of small farmers in Massachusetts. Farmers riot against banks and courthouses. State militia fails to quell riots. Leads to Constitutional Convention. |
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| Advocated proportional representation in Congress. Opposed by representatives from small states. |
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| Advocates equal representation in congress. |
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| Adopted a bicameral congress, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate. |
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Term
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| Counted each slave as three fifths of a voter. |
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| These states collectively possessed 90% of the slaves in the nation. |
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| Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia |
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| Sets forth the powers and structure of the legislative branch. Details the 18 expressed powers of Congress. "Necessary and Proper" clause provided for the potential expansion of Congressional and national government power. |
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| Set up an independent and "energetic" executive branch. President was to be the "Commander-in-Chief" and chief diplomat, ability to appoint executive and judicial officials and ability to veto congressional acts. |
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| Deals with the selection and powers of the federal judiciary. Begins small, grows over time. |
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| Promotes national unity and power. "Full Faith and Credit" clause. |
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| Sets forth process for constitutional amendment. Two-thirds vote in congress or national convention called by two-thirds of the states. |
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| "Supremacy" clause states that laws of the national government and treaties are supreme laws of the land, trumping state laws. |
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| Dealt with the process of ratifying the constitution itself. |
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| Federalist Papers written by... |
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| James Madison, John Jay, Alexander Hamilton |
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| Proposed by anti-federalists, accepted in order to ratify constitution. |
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| The constitution grants particular powers to the national government and reserves the rest for the states. |
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| Drawn from the "Necessary and Proper" clause. |
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| In most major cities, the state will not involve itself in local issues. |
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| (1789) Central government focused on promotion of commerce and distribution of resources. |
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| (1819) State of Maryland wanted the Bank of the United States to pay taxes in Maryland. Bank cites "Supremacy" clause and wins. |
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| (1824) United States grants Ogden a monopoly on steam boat operation between New York and New Jersey. State of New York grants similar license to Gibbons. Supreme Court decides that only Ogden's license is valid due to "Commerce" clause. |
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Term
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| (1937) Franklin Roosevelt's "New Deal" legislation shifts power from states to national government. |
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Term
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| Grants provided by federal government to the states to spend in specific categories. |
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| Given to states for general purposes and allows state officials to decide specifically where to spend the money. |
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| Given to states for more specific purposes, and federal officials decide how the money is spent. |
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| (1960) Also called coercive federalism, states are threatened with the withholding of grants to coerce their legislative actions. |
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| (1970) A counter-federal movement which has led to formerly federal powers being returned to the state governments. |
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Definition
| Formerly federal powers being returned to the states. |
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