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Definition
| emperically-based research yielding data that can be examined statistically to determine relevancy |
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| "how" and "why" behind numbers, non-numerical examinations of the questions and occurance |
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| media are not successful at controlling what you think, but have an influence over what you think about |
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| exposure to media creates an understanding of certain aspects of the world (even if it's wrong) |
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| well-educated, rich people tend to absorb information from media much faster than less-educated poorer people. |
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Media provides services critical to a smoothly functioning society:
-provides information
-correlating activity (informs customers about available goods; facilities commerce)
-promotes continuity (perpetuates social norms)
-aiding mobilization (helping people to work collectively) |
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| To be more critical as consumers of mass media institutions and more engaged as citizens who accept some responsibility for the shape and direction of media culture |
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Definition
-critical approach; not cynical pose; paying close attention
-analysis of facts, not the mere counting of facts
-interpretation and meaning
-ethical/moral evaluation of meaning
-engagement- a media world that best serves democracy, questioning our media institutions |
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| What does the "idea" of culture encompass? |
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Definition
| sports, fashion, education, religion, science, and all forms of mass media. |
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| method of cultural studies focusing on relationship between "reader" and "text". these are signs, symbols, and social codes. |
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| oral, written, print, electronic, and digital |
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Term
| revolutions in Communication |
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Definition
| printing press, telegraph and telephone, recorded media other than print (films, music, and photography), broadcast of sound & images (radio and tv), and the internet. |
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begins with the telegraph.
-messages now instantaneous
-information as commodity
-useful in military operations
-prototype for development of wireless technology, faxes, cell phones |
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Definition
digital- converts information into binary codes (language of computers)
convergence- digital marriage of different media via computers |
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Definition
digital- converts information into binary codes (language of computers)
convergence- digital marriage of different media via computers |
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Definition
| old technology meets new technology. |
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Definition
| senders (authors), messages (texts), Mass media channels (newspapers, magazines, internet), receivers (consumers), gatekeepers (media managers), feedback (reaction of consumers) |
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| dominant class leads a society through exertion of moral and intellectual leadership |
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| individuality, confidence in reason and science, working efficiently, rejecting tradition |
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| opposing hierachy, diversifying and recycling culture, doubts about scientific reasoning, embracing paradox, embracing technology |
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| values the coexistence of different cultures, perspectives, and ways of thinking. sees a world with a multiplicity of new social, political, and cultural arrangements. |
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run by Sumner and Shari Redstones.
-MTV (BET, CMT, VH-1)
-Comedy Central, Logo, Nick, Spike
-paramount pictures
-simon and schuster publishing
-rock band |
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Definition
german.
-Gruner and Jahr, Random House publishing, only global trade books publishers, Bertlesmann Music Group. |
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Definition
GE
-NBC, CNBC, MSNBC, Bravo, USA, Sci-fi
-Universal Pictures, Focus Features
-2009: GE and Comcast joined, $37.25 billion, control of NBC Universal |
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Definition
| when a corporation controls all aspects of a media project (production), delivery to consumers (multiple formats), and promotion of media through other media. |
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| where combined strength of two items is great than the sum of the individual strengths. Large company can use strengths of its various divisions to successfully market content. |
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| portion of distribution curve where a large number of people are interested in buying a limited number of products |
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| portion of distribution curve where a limited number of people are interested in buying a lot of different products. |
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| jeff howe 2006, outsourcing task to large, undefined community of people. |
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| massive network of networks, networking infrastructure |
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| accessing information over medium of interest |
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Definition
| Created the WWW 1.0 at CERN in the late 80s. he used hypertext. |
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Definition
| hypertext markup language. it creates web languages. |
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Term
| new digital communication network |
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Definition
simultaneous sending and receiving of information;
empowerment
-freedom from bureaucracy
-freedom from geographical limitations
-collaboration possibilities |
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Definition
Director of Institute for the Future. created the 30 year cycle.
1st decade: excitement, puzzlement
2nd decade: flux, penetration of product into society beginning
3rd decade: "so what?" everyone has it |
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Definition
| rapid, robust environment; music, tv shows, radio, newspapers, and movies coexist |
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| 4 main companies that dominate the web |
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Definition
| AOL, Microsoft, yahoo!, and Google |
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Definition
| 4% daily global activity. Average user spends 28 minutes on it. 100 million videos watched daily. |
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Term
| Digital Millenium Copyright Act |
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Definition
| illegal to share copyrighted material on the net |
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Definition
| illegal file sharing outside of public view. users are invited to join. |
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Term
| Communications Decency Act of 1996 |
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Definition
| attempted to restrict porn. Struck down. |
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Term
| the four challenges of the internet |
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Definition
| free access, improved storage, compatible delivery, and personal privacy. |
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Definition
| really simple syndication |
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| holds that companies providing internet service should treat all sources of data equally. |
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20s= jazz
50s and 60s= Rock n Roll
70s= emergence of disco and punk rock
80s= hip-hop
90s and 00s= gangsta, americana, grunge, pop, electronica, nu metal, emo, reinventing "mainstream" music. |
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| Universal, Sony BMG, EMI, and Warner |
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Definition
-edison's wax cylinders
-Emile Berliner and flat discs
-magnetic audiotape
-stereo sound
-cassettes and 8track
-cds
-dvds
-mp3s |
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| parents music resource center. put warning labels on explicit content |
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| parents music resource center. put warning labels on explicit content |
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| controls 95% recorded music |
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| messages should be able to travel across space without a wire. established British Marconi (1897) and American Marconi (1899) |
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-1st doctoral dissertation on wireless technology
-competed w/ Marconi corp.
-wireless voices and music transmissions, wireless radio telephony.
-audion vacuum tube: detected and amplified radio signals |
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Definition
| DIY radios. Hobbyists became 1st audience for broadcast sound |
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| all US ships that have 50+ passengers, and are more than 200 miles off coast must have wireless equipment with a range of at least 100 miles |
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| license people who wanted to broadcast or receive messages because only certain number of frequencies were available to carry broadcast signals |
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| radio corporation of America. private sector monopoly, dominated wireless industry, and expanded american communication technology globally |
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| Major patent holders of radio |
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Definition
| GE, Westinghouse, united fruit, and AT&T |
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Definition
| Westinghouse, in Pittsburg, 1st commercial broadcast station is US broadcast. 1 hour per night. |
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| AT&T. 1st radio station to sell commercial time to advertisers. aka "toll broadcasting". it is now WNBC, WNAC |
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| Bill gates of radio. created NBC, it was jointly owned with Westinghouse (20%), GE (30%), and RCA (50%) |
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| high culture programming, drama, symphonic, music, opera |
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Definition
| less high culture as NBC blue. various manifestations of pop culture entertainment |
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| independent contracts part of larger network. Then receives money to carry out network's programs |
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| competed with Sarnoff. bought CBS. controlled larger portions of affiliates' radio time. |
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| licenses can't own channels. could license them as long as they operated in order to serve "public interest, convenience, and necessity." |
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| Radio act created this. then Federal communications act of 1934. became the Federal Communications Commission. |
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| Orson Welles, mercury theater. people thought it was real, challenged radio's credibility |
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| non-profit, heavily government subsidized. |
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Term
| Rise and Fall of Clear Channel |
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Definition
| peak late 90s/early 00s. owned 1300 radio stations, 14% all commercial radio. now has 400 stations. bought out in 2008. 2009 had $21 billion debt. |
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| scanning disk. 1884. pictures into light units could be "sent" and decoded by receiver |
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| iconoscope. 1919. tv camera tube converts light rays into visual electrical signals. |
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Definition
| 1926. tv system before gathering of 50 scientist in the attic workshop. |
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Definition
| cathode ray tube. 1st electronic tv. |
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rca- 1st full electronic tv. $660.
by 1962, 90% homes have tvs |
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Definition
| 1st small cable systems. 10% in US. 12 channels. |
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Term
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Definition
| all cable operators were required to carry out all local broadcasts on their systems |
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Definition
| cable systems required to provide tier on non-broadcast channels dedicating to local government, education, and other issues of public interests. |
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TCI bought by AT&T.
AT&T-> media one
AT&T merges with comcast.
comcast= 29% market. 24 million households |
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Definition
| diverse and fragmented groups |
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Definition
AC Nielsen
ratings= % total number of households watching tv stations
share= Number households watching particular tv station.
sweeps= showcase best programs. Feb, May, July, and Nov. |
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Term
| direct broadcast satellite |
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Definition
| DBS bypasses cable to get programming directly from satellite. DirecTV and EchoStar. |
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Term
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Definition
| use WiMax. worldwide interoperability for microwave access. |
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Definition
| Hannibal Goodwin 1889. bought by George Eastman |
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| moving images projected on tiny plate. William Dickinson. |
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| Auste & Louis Lumiere. hand cranked. Projected on large screen. |
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| Thomas Armat. movie projection system. |
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| Trip to the moon. 1st film to use special fx. track photography. |
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| silent "shorts". working class. "democracy's theater". |
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| Adolph Zuker and William Fox |
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Definition
| Fox Film Corporation. used vertical integration, production, distribution, and exhibition. |
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Definition
| test market for new stars. showed "packages" of movies instead of just one film. |
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| DW Griffith. Very racist. |
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| african american filmmaker. "within our gates". |
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| al jolson. first film with talking pictures. |
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Definition
| Hay's office. president of MPPDA |
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Term
| head of Production Code Administration |
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Definition
House Unamerican Activities Committee.
blacklists: actors banned from working. |
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| "who's afraid of Virginia wolf"? |
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Definition
| 1st film released without a PCA seal of approval. Mike Nichols |
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| Arthur Penn "bonnie and Clyde" and Sam Peckinpah "Wild Bunch" |
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| videos & dvds, network/ PayTV, airline/base/campus rights, soundtrack/albums, and books |
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| jailed for criticizing NY governor |
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| 14 weekly, anti-british, editorials, sold in 100s. NOT 1000s!!!!! |
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| benjamin day, really cheap. |
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| RF outcault, yellow kid cartoons |
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| Pulitzer= NY World, Hearst= NY Journal. |
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| Aka Elizabeth Cochrane. investigative reporter. |
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| bought the Ny Times. serious journalism. |
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| living conditions of Blacks. criticized US Supreme Court |
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| french word "magasin"- store |
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| muckrakers, ida tarbell, lincoln steffers, upton sinclair. |
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| general interest magazines |
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Definition
| Reader's Digest, Time, Life, National Geographic, Modern Maturity, AARP, and TV guide |
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| girl magazine. Helen Gurley Brown. |
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| bound materials cut into sheets and sewn together |
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| invented block printing, papermaking technology. |
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| ben franklin. 1st novel reprinted and sold |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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| 3 significant events for books |
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Definition
1. International Copyright Law 1891- pay royalties both foreign and domestic.
2. Publishing houses- large book related firms.
3. Compulsory education |
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Definition
| Random House, Penguin Group, Simon and Schuster, Time Warner, and Harper Collins |
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Definition
| nashville store that was independently owned until 1997 |
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Term
| 4 models for expression and speech |
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Definition
| authoritarianism, communist, Social responsibility, and libertarian. |
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| government cannot block publication or speech before it actually occurs. |
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Definition
| Daniel Ellsberg. US involvement in Vietnam. |
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Definition
| article on how to build an H-bomb. 1st time in US history prior restrained order imposed in name of national security stopped initial publications of controversial news report. |
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Definition
| legally protects rights of authors and producers to their published or unpublished writing, music, lyrics, tv programs, movies, or graphic art designs. |
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Definition
Copyright- protects original creative expression
trademark- word, phrase, symbol, design, or combination of words, phrases, symbols, or designs that identify and distinguish source of goods or services. |
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Term
| digital millenium act 1998 |
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Definition
| outlaws technology that will circumvent copyright protection systems. illegal to merely create or distribute technology enables someone to make illegal copies of digital content. |
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Definition
| written. metal illness or defect, crime, incompetence, associating with hate groups. |
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| defamed as "southern violator of Constitution." NYT appealed to supreme court, reversed ruling. |
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| reporter or news editor knew statement was false but printed it or broadcast it any way with reckless disregard for truth |
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Definition
| average person finds prurient. sex described in offensive ways. no serious literary/artistic merit. |
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