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| Historical Reason for Bicameral Congress |
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| The Parliament had a bicameral legislature, so Americans chose to keep it |
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| Practical Reason for Bicameral Congress |
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| It is the "middle" of the Virginia and New Jersey Plan |
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| Theoretical Reason for Bicameral Congress |
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| To keep the Houses in line with the law |
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| Date for a session in Congress to start |
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| When President ends a session |
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| Emergency session called by President |
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| # of times a special session called for both Houses |
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| # of times a special session called for only Senate |
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| Reapportionment Act of 1929 |
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| Act that set # in House of Reps. at 435 and seats are redistributed throughout the states |
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| Elect Congressmen on every even # year that does not have President on ballot |
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| There are 435 districts in the US, 1 representative per district |
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| Redrawing district lines to exclude people from voting or get more votes for your party |
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| Have to be in one piece, contiguous and not based on color |
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| Formal Qualifications for House |
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- 25 years old or older
- Live in the State you are representing
- Have a citizenship for 7 years
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| Informal Qualifications for House |
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| Factors of how to get votes |
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| Every two years, 33 or 34 Senators are put up for reelection to keep it continuous |
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| Qualifications for Senate |
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- 30 years or older
- Citizen for 9 years
- Live in State you are representing
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- Representative of People
- Committee Members
- Servants to their Constituencies
- Politicians
- Legislators
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| Representatives of the People |
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This is by voting. 4 ways of voting are
- Trustee
- Delegates
- Partisans
- Politicos
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| Checks how good it is for the people, the economy, the government, how it has done in other countries, etc. |
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| Voting how the people want |
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| Voting how your party wants, #1 style of voting |
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| A mix of trustee, delegate, and partisan voting |
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Congressmen are also Committee members. They form committees to add details to specific laws. Each committee is made for certain areas of laws like agriculture or business.
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| They must help people with various problems involving the government. If they don't help, they do not get elected again. |
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| Congressmen get it from salary and compensation |
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Regular member-158,000
Speaker of the House-192,000
Vice President-192,000
Floor leaders-171,900 |
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1. Tax Deduction
2. Travel Allowances
3. Lower Healthcare
4. Retirement Plan
5. Funds for hiring Staff
6. Franking Privilege
7. Free Printing |
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| Expressed Powers of Congress |
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| Powers directly written in the Constitution |
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| Implied Powers of Congress |
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| Powers implied by expressed powers |
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| Inherent Powers of Congress |
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| Powers for being a soveriegn nation |
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| Strict Constructionalists |
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| People who believed government should have the expressed powers and implied powers which are need to carry out the expressed powers |
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| People who wanted government to have all expressed, implied, and inherent powers |
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| Can Tax to get money, has 4 limits |
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1. must be for public, not private, benefit
2. Can not tax exports
3. No taxing polls or religious establishments
4. Direct/ Indirect taxes |
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| Taxes paid directly to the government, only one is income tax, no other one coincides with wealth |
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| Taxes paid to another person then to the government, Sales tax |
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| Congress Power of Borrowing |
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| Congress can borrow money on the credit of the United States |
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| Spending more money than you bring in |
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| Money the government borrowed and hasn't paid back |
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| Congress Power to Regulate Commerce |
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| Power to Regulate interstate and foriegn commerce |
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| Ogden and Gibbons both have steam boats on the Hudson for tourism. New York tells steam boats not from New York to buy a permit to sail. Gibbon's didn't pay for a permit and he got sued. US sued for Gibbon's and US won in Supreme Court. |
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1. Cannot tax exports
2. Cannot favor ports
3. Cannot make ships pay a fine at starting and stopping port
4. Cannot interfere with slave trade until 1808 |
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| Congress Power of Currency |
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| Congress can coin money and regulate the value thereof |
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| Currency which as creditor must take for payment of debts |
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| Congress Power for Bankruptcy |
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| Can establish uniform laws on bankruptcy |
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| Legal proceeding where the bankrupt's assets are given to people who he owes debts |
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| Congress Power for Foriegn Relations |
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| Comes from power of foriegn commerce and war powers and inherent powers |
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1. Declare War
2. Raise and support an army
3. Raise and maintain a navy
4. Describe rules for land and naval forces
5. Call upon the militia
6. Organize, arm, and discipline the militia
7. Grant letters of marque and reprisal
8. Can not send troops to a place where a state of war is not present |
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| Power of the Government to take your land and give you just compensation |
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| Come from the Necessary and Proper Clause, Art. 1, Sec. 8, Clause 18 |
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| Battle over Implied Powers |
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| To build a National Bank, necessary and proper for the government to do it because of the tax power, currency power, commerce power and borrowing power |
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| Kept for 20 years after 1791, built a Second National Bank in Maryland in 1816 |
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| Maryland created a tax on nots not chartered by the state, McCulloch created notes without tax, McCulloch was sent to jail, US sued on his behalf, Maryland was found guilty, US could create the National Bank |
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| Nonlegislative Powers of Congress |
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| Impeachment, Constitutional Amendments, Electoral Duties, Executive Powers, and Investigatory Powers |
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| Must be started by Congress, changes constitution |
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| From 12th and 25th amendments, The House chooses a President and Senate chooses a VP. 25th amendment says that if there is a vacancy in VP position, President chooses VP and Congress confirms it. |
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| House accuses, Senate is jury, Two Presidents have been accused, both acquitted, |
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| Court order to bring in evidence |
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| To confirm all appointments to Cabinet and confirm all treaties, only given to Senate, For treaties, Senate can Accept, Reject, or offer amendments |
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| Can investigate anything in their scope, used to expose people, gather information for bills, check the exec. branch, etc. |
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| Permanent committee, 19 in House, 17 in Senate |
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| Special Committees, made in each house, to investigate something, |
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| Committees with members from both chambers, there are four permanent ones |
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| Temporary joint committees, made to fix bills that are not the same in both chambers |
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| 1st step for a Bill to become a Law |
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Definition
| First Reading, numbered and titled, distributed, introduced to whole chamber |
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| 2nd step for a Bill to become a Law |
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Definition
| Sent to Committee to work out flaws, Committee breaqks into subcommittees to work out things, come together to discuss changes |
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| 3rd step for a Bill to become a Law |
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Definition
Committee Action, can do 1 of 6 things
1. Report it favorably
2. Report it favorably with amendments
3. Report it unfavorably
4. Report a Committee Bill
5. Pigeonhole the Bill
6. Kill the Bill |
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| 4th step for a Bill to become a Law |
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| Goes to floor for Debate, Led by Committee Chariman |
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| 5th step for a Bill to become a Law |
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Definition
| Bill is engrossed and written in its final form, voted on, needs 2/3 of votes |
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| 6th step for a Bill to become a Law |
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| Does Steps 1-5 in the other chamber, If both Houses cannot figure out a compromise, create a conference committee to work out flaws in both |
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| 7th step for a Bill to become a Law |
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Goes to President, President can:
1. Sign
2. Veto
3. Pocket Veto
4. Take no Action |
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| 8th step for a Bill to become a Law |
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| Putting a bill off to the side to win votes |
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| An entirely different version of the bill, but on the same topic |
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| Unlimited, Can talk about anything |
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| 30 minutes each person, Speaker of House tells you when to stop |
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| When the President doesn't sign the bill after 10 days and Congress is adjourned, the bill dies |
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| No Action for President signing Bills |
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| President doesn't sign the bill for 10 days and Congress is in session, bill becomes a law |
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| When people try to kill a bill or change a part of it by delaying it for a long time |
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| Rule that says if 60 people sign a petition to get you to stop talking, you must stop, In the Senate |
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| When multiple people take turns to filibuster and it lasts a long time |
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