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Definition
| politically oriented oranization of people who share common interets and make demands on others in society with repect to those interests. |
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| tangible rewards that people gain through membership in an interest group |
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| satisfactions gained through friendship and fraternity among individuals involved in a joint enterprise |
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| transcend an indivudual's own material or solidary interests. they are benefits derived form feeling good about contributing to a worthy cause. |
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| makes choices that maximize benefits and minimize costs. |
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| a benfit that is provided to everyone and cannot be withheld form people who do not contribute to the cost of providing the good. |
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| a rational actor who chooses to enjoy the benefits of group activity without incurring any of the costs |
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| a lot of people have to work together to ensure that the public good is actually produced |
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| material benefits that are available only to members |
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| interest groups are a natural extension of a democratic system that guarantees freedom of expression and association |
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| aruges that group leaders overcome the free rider problem by offering slective benefits or creating coercive incentives like mandatory membership and an organization |
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| explains th formation of interet groups a s arational quid pro quo between supplier and consumer |
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| invests resources to create and build an organization that offers various types of selective benefits to entice others to join the group |
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| groups that take positions and are active only on one specific issue |
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| a polticial interest group is largely concerned with deploying its resources to gain access to decision makers |
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| an individual whose job it is to contact obernment officials on behalf of someone else |
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| direct contacts with public officials |
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| make use of intermediaries to make the contact |
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| a form of indirect lobbying that signals to politicians that aparticular issue is of concern to more than just an islated segment of the public |
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| an exchange of supprt in which one group essentially tells another, you suppport me and i'll support yours |
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| political action committees |
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| raise funds and make political contributions on a group's behalf |
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| formed mainly to influence elections. cannot make contributions directly to candidates or campaigns and are therefore not regulated by the fed election commission |
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| Federal Election Campaign Act |
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| allowed unions and corporations to form poltical action committees to raise and contribute campaign funds to candidates |
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| direct contributions to candidates |
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| contributions to poltical parties for party building, unregulated contributions |
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| consists of ordinary citizens who identify with the party and support the candidates with votes and campaign contrivcutions |
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| the elected and apponted officeholders at the national, state, and local levels who are considered representatives of the party |
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| made up of party professionals who hold official positions within the party and other people active in running and maintaining the partys organization apparatus |
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| whose incentives for participating are primarily material and social in nature |
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| policy motivated activists |
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| whose incentives are primarily purposive and social |
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| a party organization headed by a party boss. |
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| borrowed from sociology, a behavioral model of politics based on the asumption that human beings have a psychological need for predictablitity in their relations with each other. |
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| representatives of a single political party hold all or almost all of the major offices in government |
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| three or more parties effectively compete for political offices and no single party can win sole control of the government |
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| only two political parties have a realistic chance of winning control over a significant number of major poltical offices |
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| proportional representation |
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Definition
| seats are allocated to the parties on the basis of their share of the popular vote |
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| single member district plurality system |
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| a winner take all system that makes it hard for minor parties to win office |
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| encourages multiple parties, the party that controls the majority of legislative seats chooses the chief exec |
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| the chief exev and the legislature are elected independently |
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| describe democracies with strong, competitive parties in which one party wins control of the gov based on its policy proposals, enacts those proposals once it is in control, and stand or falls in the next election based on its performance in delivering on its parties |
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| the means to require party members in public office to promote or carry through on a partisan agenda and to punish those who do not toe the party line |
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| when one party wins the presidnecy and another wins a majority of seats in one or both houses of congress |
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| voting fo the same parts candidates for president and congress |
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| commonly defined as one on which a majority of democrats cote on one side of an issue and a majority of republicans on the other |
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| government jobs and contracts that elected officeholders ahnded out to those who supported the party |
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| an election in which rank and file voters choose the parts nominees for various offices |
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| a term describing all the means used to ransmit info to masses of people |
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| a forum where info on matters important to civic life can be freely accessed and exchanged. |
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| emphasizing certain aspects of a story to make them more important. |
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| a governmental order to prohibit orcensor a news story prior to publication or boradcast |
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| revelation of information that officials want kept secret |
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| stories that focus on factual information about important decisions or events |
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| stories characterzied by opinion, human interest, and even entertainment value |
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| the tendency to present an unbalanced perspective so that informations is conveyed in such a way that consistently favors one set of interests over another |
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| the tendency to favor a political party or ideological point of view |
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| seeks to report facts rather than promote a partisan point of view and seeks balance by reporting both sides of any given sotry |
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| suggests that because most mainstream media are corporately owned, the media are biased toward corporate interests |
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| frame a political story in terms of which candidate or partisan side is winning or losing |
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| someone or some instituion that controls access to something |
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| simply the sum of indivudal attitudes or beliefs about an issue or question, and scientific polling provided the first reliable way to assess public opnion on a partiuclar issue or question |
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| delegate model of representative democracy |
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Definition
| holds that the job of elected officials is not to act independently, making whatever decisions they feel are in the best interests of the communicty or society |
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| a place where policymakers have become largely subservient to every passing gust of public opinion |
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| refers to whether public opinion is positive or negatice about a given issue |
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| how strongly people hold the attitudes and beliefs |
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| the prominence and visility of an issue and how important that issue is to the public |
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| trustee system of democracy |
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| public officials are expected to be experts on the issues, and they make decisions they believe to be in the public interest whether or not those decisions are supported by public opnion |
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| deliberately feeds respondents misleading info or leading questions in an effort push them into favorint a candidate or issue |
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| the attitudes of people with large measures of political influence or expertise |
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| the section of the population with a strong interest in a particular issue |
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| thus one in which every person in the target population has an equal chance of being a poll respondent |
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| a group that does not accurately rep the target pop and thus provides inacc estimates of true opinions and attitudes of thtarget pop |
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| polls based on nonrandom samples |
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| the amound by which the smaple resonses are likely to differ from those of the pop within very tight boundaries that are known as the confidence level of a survey |
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| chacne that the ture opnion of the pop falls womehwere within the boundaries set by the margin of error |
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| the process of diesinging survey questionaires |
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| stable poitical system rests on a set of shared beliefs that include a broad agreement about basic political calues, the legitimacy of political institutions, and broad acceptance of the process gov uses to make plicy |
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| a consistent set of values, attitudes and veliefs about the appropriate role of ogvernment in society |
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| the process of acquiring political values |
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| they provide signals that people use to get their social and psychological bearings |
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| translation of a personal prefernece into abolunatry action designed to influence public policy |
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| definied as the process through which political parties winnow down a field of candidates to a single one who will be the partys standard bearer in the general election. |
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| voters choose their representatives from among the parties nominees |
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| meetings of their most active supporters to nominate candidates |
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| responsible for choosing nominees for state and national offices |
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| national party convention |
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| a meeting composed of deleagtes form various states |
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| only registered party members may cote in a party's primary |
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| independents and in some cases voters from other parties can participate in a party's primary |
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| national convention delegates are chosen at a state convention |
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| state presidential primary |
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| voters directly elect delegates |
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| states leapfrog their primaries and caucuses to earlier dates i the delegate selection process in an effor tto gain more influence in the choice of a presidential nominee. |
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| the number of deleagte votes needed to win |
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| the period between the election of one pres and the first contest to pick the next one |
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| several states hold their primaries on a single day in early march |
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| a majority of a state delegation could require the entire delgation to vote the same way on nominations and other issues |
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| divide each state's electoral votes in proportion to the division of the popular vote |
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| allocates one electoral vote to the presidential candidate who receives a plurality in a house district. the states remaining two electoral votes go to the candidate who wins a plurality statewide |
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| direct popular election plan |
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| abolish the electoral college and permit voters in the 5- states and the district of columbia to choose the pres directly |
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| the outcome could go either way |
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| held between the two with the most votes |
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| all candidates run in the same primary election |
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| process of adjusting the number of house seats among the states to reflect pop shifts |
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| more than one member is elected from the same constituency |
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| the state is varbed up into the number of districte equal to the number of representatives the statehas in the house, and voters in each district choose one representative |
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| process of redrawing the district lines within a state |
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| drawing district boundaries to benefit one interest and hinder another |
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| all legislative districts must contain about equal numbers of people |
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| majority minority distrcits |
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| nnumber of states in the south and southwest drew up black majority and latino majority distrcits |
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| descriptive representation |
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| in which the racial makeup of congressreflects the racial makeup of the nation |
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| presidential incumbants do not have a great electoral advantage |
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| government sponsored projects that bring economic benefits to a members state or district |
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| benefits and support services that members need in order to do their jobs |
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| an effort to generate the belief that the representative is responsible for government actions that constituents find desirable, such as pork barrel projects that benefit the district |
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| making public statements on issues that are pleasing to constituents |
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| no incumbent is running and makes it much more competitive |
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| a relatively stable, purposive course of action pursued by government officials or agencies |
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| manageable list of issues must be created on which government can focus |
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| arrow's impossibility theorem |
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| a formal proof that no decision making system can guarantee that the rank ordered preferences of a group will reflect the tank ordered preferences of the set of rational individuals who make up that group |
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| originally formulated by a trio of reserachers seeking to explain why decision making in large complex institutionsseemd so irrational |
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| any measures that can be employed as systematic monitoring devices |
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| something that grabs attention immediately and puts an issue on the public agenda |
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| consists of the information policymakers routinely receive through gov reports, hearings, reading the news, case works, and conat with constituents |
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| descripes an approach to the search for policy alternatives that involves looking at how similar problems or issues have been handled in the past, identifying a handful of alternative approaches to that issue or prob that are politically and financially feasible, and choosing one that is most doable |
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| process of translating that intent into action |
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| assess whether a policy is being implemented according to its stated guidelines |
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| defined as the freedoms enjoyed by individuals in a democratic society |
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| the notion that the bill of rights applies to state govs as well as federal through the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment |
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| gov cannot establish a relisgion, which means that publis authorites cant show preferencefor one set of religious beliefs over others, or religious beliefs in general over nonreligious beliefs |
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| free exercise of religion |
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| individuals are free to choose religois beliefs and practice them as theuy see fit, or not to practice at all |
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| separation of church and state |
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| meaning the neither federal nor state gov could pass any law supporting one religion or all regliongs, or any law preferring one religion over another |
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| the foudners wanted the words of the first amendment to be taken literally |
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| preferred freedoms doctrine |
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| afirst amendment rights are considered so fundamental to achieving a free society that courts have a greater oblication to protect these freedoms than other rights |
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| called for weighing competing alues on a case by case basis to determine when restrictions on freedom of expression are warranted in order to protect society or the rights of indivudals or groups |
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| imminent lawless action test |
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| replaced the old clear and present danger test and protects a broader range of speech |
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| making false and defaming statements about someone when spoken or in print or other media |
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| inevitable disvoery exception |
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| ruling that illegally acquired evidence can be use din court if it would have been eventually discoered thorugh legal means |
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| as long as a law officer believes that the warrang authorizing a search is valid, this exception makes evidence obtained in the serach admissible even if the warrant is later found to be flawed |
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| the rights of all citzens to legal, social, and exonomic equality |
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| separation of people based on their race |
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| fees required for casting a ballot |
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| deliberately disobeying laws viewerd as morally repugnant |
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| a technique of cibil disobedience where individuals peacefully submit to arrest for refusing to obey laws they consider immoral |
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| landmark law that outlawed racial segregation in schools and public places and barred discrimination in employement base don sex |
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| used mainly by southern states to est racial segregation in all public facilities and to disenfranchise blacks by requiring them to pass lit tests |
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| voting rights act of 1965 |
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| authorized the fed gov to ensure that eligible voters werent denied access to the ballot |
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| patterns of segregation and social opportunity |
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| Americans With Disablities ACt |
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| specifically extended to disabled citizens the cibil rights and protections that were the cornerstone of the 1964 cibil rights act |
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