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| the process by which we develop our political values and opinions through out our lives |
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| the individuals, organizations, and institutions that facilitate the acquisition of political view |
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| the measurable difference in the way women and men vote for candidates and in the way they view political |
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| the impact of an important external event in shaping the views of a generation |
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| the public's expressed views about an issue at a specific point in time |
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| a survey of a given population's opinion on an issue or a candidate at a particular point in time |
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| a poll conducted in an unscientiffic manner, used to predict election outcomes |
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| in a poll, the group of people whose opinion are of interest and/or about whom information is desired |
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| a scientific method of selection for a poll in which each member of the population has an equal chance at being included in the sample |
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| a method by which pollsters structure a sample so that it is representative of the characteristics of the target population |
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| a process of random sampling in which the national population is divided into fourths and certain areas within these regions are selected as representative of the national population |
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| also called margin of error; a statistical calculation of the difference in results between a poll of a randomly drawn sample and a poll of the entire population |
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| polls that measure changes in public opinion over the course of days, weeks, or months by repeatedly asking respondents the same questions and measuring changes in their responses |
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| a special type of poll that both provides information to campaigns about candidate strengths and weakness and attempts to skew public opinion about a candidate |
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| polls conducted at polling places on Election Day to determine the winner of an election before the polls close |
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| reallocation of seats in the House of Representatives to each state based on changes in the state's population since the last census |
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| redrawing of congressional district boundaries within each state, based on the reapportionment from the census |
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| the drawing of legislative district boundaries to benefit an incumbent, a political party, or anouther group |
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| majority-minority district |
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| a legislative district composed of a majority of a given minority community- say, AFrican American--the inent of which is to make it likely that a memeber of that minority will be elected to Congress |
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| a model of representation in which a member of a the House or Senate should articualte and vote for the position taht best represents the views of constituents |
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| Instructed delegate model |
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| a model of representation in which legislators, as representatives of their constituents, should vote in keeping with the constituents' views, even if those views contradicts the legislator's personal views |
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| legislators' appropriations of funds for special projects located within their congressional district |
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| a designation within a spending bill that provides for a specific expenditure |
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| personal work by a member of Congress on beahlf of a constituent or group of constituents, trypically aimed at getting the government to do something the constituent wants done |
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| a role in which an elected or appointed leader acts as an advocate for citizens by listening to and investigating complains against a government agency |
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| the process by which the legislative branch "checks" the executive branch to ensure that the laws Congress has passed are being administered in keeping with legislators' intent |
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| determination by Congress of which public issues the government should consider for legislation |
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| a proposed piece of legislation |
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| a wooden box that sits on a desk at the front of the house of representatives, into which House members place bills they want to introduce |
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| the practice, abolished in the 104th Congress, by which a bill could be referred to two different committees for consideration |
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| the primary comitte considering a bill |
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| the system in which the memeber with the longest continuous tenure on a standing commitee is given preference when the committee chooses its chair |
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| permanent committee in Congress, with a defined legislative jurisdiction |
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| congressional committee created to consider specific policy issues or address a specific concern |
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| bicameral committee composed of members of both chambers of congress |
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| a subordinate committee in Congress that typically handles, specific areas of a standing committee's jurisdiction |
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| part of the committee or subcommittee process of considering a bill, wherein committee memebers ask executive agencies that would admister the law for written comments on the measure |
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| sessions held by committees or subcommittees to gather information and views from experts |
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| the process by which memebers of legislative committees "mark up" a bill with suggested language for changes and amendments |
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| a legislative committee's explanantion to the full chamber of a bill and its intent |
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| a special tactic used to extract a bill from a committee in order to have it considered by the entire House |
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| one of the most important committees in the House, which decides the length of debate and the scope of amendments that will be allowed on a bill |
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| an agreement by every senator to the terms of debate on a given piece of legislation |
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| a procedural move by a member of the Senate to attempt to halt pasage of or change a bill, during which the senator can speak for an unlimited time on the Senate floor |
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| a procedural move in which a supermajority of sixty senators agrees to end filibuster |
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| a bicarmeral, bipartisan committee composed of legislators whose job is to reconcile two versions of a bill |
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| a special presidential veto of a bill passed at the conclusion of a legislative session, whereby the president waits ten days withouth signing the bill, and bill dies |
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| the leader of the House of Representives, chosen by the majority party |
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| the leader of the majority party, who helps the Speaker develop and implement strategy and work with other memebers of the House of Representatives |
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| a go between with the majority leadership and party memebers in the House of Representatives |
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| the leader of the minority party, whose job mirrors that of the majorty leader but without the power that comes from holding a majority in the House of Representatives |
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| go between with the minority leadership, whos job mirrors that of the majority whip but withouth the power that comes from holding a majority in the House of Representatives |
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| theoretically, the chair of the Senate in the vice president's absence; in reality, an honorary title, with the senator of the majority party having the longest reconrd of contnous service being elected to the position |
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| the most powerful position in the Senate; the majority leader manages the legislative process and schedules debate on legislation |
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| the leader of the minority party in the Senate, who works with the majority leader in negotiating legislation |
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| the practice in which memebers of Congress agree to vote for a bill in exchange for their colleagues's vote on another bill |
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| the segment of voters who pay careful attention to political issues |
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| power of the president to stike out specific line items on an appropriations bills while allwoing the rest of the bill to become law; declared unsconstitutional by the Supreme Court of 1997 |
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| a written message that the president issues upon signing a bill into law |
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| internatinal agreement between the United States and other nations, not subject to Senate approval and only in effect during the administration of the president who negotiates the agreement |
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| the selection of a running amte who brings diveristy of ideolgoy, geographic region, age, gender, race, or ethnicity to the slate |
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| the group of experts chosen by the president to serve as advisers on running the country |
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| Executive Office of the President |
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| offices, counsels, and boards that help the president to carry out the day to day responsibilites of the office |
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| the office that develops policies and protects the president's legal and political interests |
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| among the most important important staff members of the WHO; serves as both an adviser to the president and manager of the WHO |
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| the president's spokesperson to the media |
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| National Security Council |
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| consisting of top foreign policy advisers and relevant cabinet officials, this is an arm of the EOP that the president consults on matters of foreign policy and national securtiy |
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| Office of Management and Budget |
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| office that creates the president's annual budget |
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| presidential powers enumerated in the Constituion |
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| the constitutional basis for inherent powers, which states that the president "shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed" |
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| presidential powers taht are implied in the Constitution |
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| powers explicity granted to presidents by congreessional action |
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| power of the president to issue orders that carry the force of law |
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| broad powers exercised by the president during times of national crisis |
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| the right of the chief executive and memebers of the administration to withhold information from Congress or the courts, or the right to refuse to appear before legislative or judicial bodies |
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| the percentage of survey respondents who say that they "approve' or "strongly approve" of the way the president is doing his job |
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| a time early in a new president's administration characterized by optimistic apporval by the public |
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| rally 'round the flag effect |
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| peaks in presidential approval ratings during short-term military action |
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| Works Progress Administration |
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| a New Deal program that would emply 8.5 million people at a cost of more than $11 million between 1935 and 1943 |
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| during the Nixon administraton, a scandal involving burglaries and the subsequent cover-up by high-level administration officials |
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| the power of the House of Representatives to formally accuse the president of crimes |
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| charges against the president during an impeachment |
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