Term
| What are the concepts that comprise the foundation of parole? |
|
Definition
1. Grace or Privilege
2. Contract of consent
3. Custody |
|
|
Term
| What critical needs must parolees meet to make it in the community? |
|
Definition
1. A job
2. Money
3. Education |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 basic mechanisms for release from prison? What are the differences between each? |
|
Definition
1. Discretionary Release
2. Mandatory Release
3. Expiration Release
4. Probation Release
5. Reinstatement Release
6. Other conditional Release |
|
|
Term
| Home confinement would be considered what type of release? |
|
Definition
| Other conditional release |
|
|
Term
| Parole in the US evolved during what century? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 8 factors are normally included when making a decision to release someone from prison? |
|
Definition
1. Nature and circumstances of the offense and the inmate's current attitude towards it.
2. Prior criminal record.
3. Attitudes toward family members, victim, and authority in general.
4. Institutional adjustment and participation and progress in programs for self-improvement.
5. History of community adjustment.
6. Physical, mental, and emotional health.
7. Insight into causes of past criminal conduct.
8. Adequacy of parole plan. |
|
|
Term
| An inmate's eligibility for an appearance before the parole board is a function of: |
|
Definition
1. Individual sentence
2. Statutory criteria
3. The inmate's conduct before incarceration. |
|
|
Term
| For most of the 20th century, parole referred to |
|
Definition
| both a method of community supervision and a release mechanism. |
|
|
Term
What did each of these early pioneers of parole contribute?
- Sir Walter Crofton
- Alexander Maconochie
- Zebulon Brockway |
|
Definition
Crofton: required parolees to report monthly to the police.
Maconochie: prisoners should be prepared gradually for release
Brockway: Release inmates when their behavior shows that they are ready for it |
|
|
Term
| When discretionary release is used, the parole board's power is much like that of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parole officers are usually asked to play which two roles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In theory, parole boards evaluate an offender's progress toward |
|
Definition
| rehabilitation and readiness to abide by laws. |
|
|
Term
| What are technical violations of parole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are conditions of release? |
|
Definition
| Restrictions that parolees must legally obey after being released. |
|
|
Term
| How is the effectiveness of corrections usually measured? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inmates who have "maxed out" are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Second Chance Act of 2007 was designed to |
|
Definition
| assist offenders with a successful reentry into the community. |
|
|
Term
| Revocation seldom results from a single rules violation because |
|
Definition
| prisons are far too crowded |
|
|
Term
| What is a Risk Assessment? |
|
Definition
| an assessment of the probationer's risks and needs |
|
|
Term
| What are the elements of a successful reentry? |
|
Definition
1. Get substance abuse under control
2. Get a job
3. Develop a support group of family and friends
4. Get a sense of "who I am" |
|
|
Term
| First Amendment for prisoners |
|
Definition
| freedom to practice religion, freedom of speech, freedom of press, right to peacefully assemble, and right to petition the government. |
|
|
Term
| Fourth Amendment for prisoners |
|
Definition
| right to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, effects, and protection against reasonable searches and seizures. |
|
|
Term
| Eighth Amendment for prisoners |
|
Definition
| protection against excessive bail, fines, and cruel and unusual punishment |
|
|
Term
| Fourteenth Amendment for prisoners |
|
Definition
| deprive a person of life, liberty, or property without due process of the law. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| law created by the people's elected representatives in legislatures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| legal rules created in judges' decisions that serve to guide the decisions of other judges in subsequent similar cases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a judicial order asking a person holding another person to produce the prisoner and to give reasons to justify continued confinement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inmates that act like lawyers inside of the prison |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the aggregate of circumstances in a correctional facility that, when considered as a whole, may violate the protections guaranteed by the eighth amendment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intervention in a dispute by a third party to whom the parties in conflict submit their differences for resolution and whose decision (in the correctional setting) is binding on both parties. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One proceeding is used to determine whether the offender is guilty. A second hearing then takes place at a later date to determine whether the guilty person is to be sentenced to death. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a public official who investigates complaints against government officials and recommends corrective measures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a staff member or committee usually receives complaints, investigates them, and makes decisions. An appeal to the warden or the commissioner can be made is unhappy with the results. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prisoners who adhere to other than conventional beliefs may not be denied the opportunity to practice their religion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| officials may search cells without a warrant and seize materials found there |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the basic elements of procedural due process must be present when decisions are made concerning the disciplining of an inmates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ruled that because of differences and needs, identical treatment is not required for men and women. It concluded that there was no evidence of invidious discrimination. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ruled that while the death penalty was constitutional, the way it was used constituted cruel and unusual punishment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ruled that juries, rather than judges, must make the crucial decision on whether a convicted murderer should receive the death penalty. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ruled that offenders cannot be sentenced to death for a crime they committed before the age of 18 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ruled that execution of the mentally retarded was unconstitutional. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ruled that the fundamental constitutional right of access to the courts requires prison authorities to assist inmates in the preparation and filing of meaningful legal papers by providing prisoners with adequate law libraries or adequate legal assistance from persons trained in the law. |
|
|
Term
| Until the 1960's, the US Federal Court system practiced what kind of policy with respect to corrections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who did the hands off policy ultimately give the power to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| More than half of the inmates on death row are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do Americans cite when asked to identify the two or three most serious problems facing children? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the philosophy of juvenile corrections? |
|
Definition
| Places higher premium on rehabilitation and prevention. |
|
|
Term
| Juveniles tend to commit crimes in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are chronic offenders? |
|
Definition
| Offenders who offend in repetitive patterns. |
|
|
Term
| What does parens patriae refer to? |
|
Definition
| To court standing in and acting as the "parent" of the child. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a child who has committed an act that if committed by an adult would be criminal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a child who is not receiving proper care because of some action or inaction of his or her parents. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a child who has no parent of guardian or whose parents are unable to give proper care. |
|
|
Term
| Adult system vs. Juvenile system (p 312, table 12.2) |
|
Definition
arrested vs detained
charged vs referred to court
indicted vs held on petition
defendant vs respondent
trial vs hearing
verdict vs finding
convinced vs adjudicated
sentence vs disposition
incarcerated vs placed or committed
prison vs training school
parole vs aftercare |
|
|
Term
| What is the school to prison pipeline? |
|
Definition
| The propensity of schools to reject youth who are struggling with behavioral problems. |
|
|
Term
| Juvenile probation officers caseloads tend to be |
|
Definition
| lower than those for adult offenders. |
|
|
Term
| Where and when was the first juvenile court in the US established? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the earliest attempt by a colony to deal with problem children? |
|
Definition
| The Stubborn Child Law in Massachusetts. |
|
|
Term
| Periods of Juvenile Justice Development in the US (p 310, table 12.1) |
|
Definition
puritan: puritan view of child as evil.
refuge: institutionalization of deviants. enlightenment, immigration and industrialization. children seen as helpless, need of state intervention
juvenile court: separate legal system for juveniles. reform-ism and rehabilitative, juvenile court institutionalized legal irresponsibility of child
juvenile rights: increased legalization of juvenile law. criticism of juvenile justice system on humane grounds. movement to define and protect rights as well as provide services to children.
crime control: concern for victims, punishment for serious offenders, transfer of serious offenders to adult court, protection of children from physical/sexual abuse. restrictive, punitive, incarcerated youth stay for longer periods.
evidence-based: evaluating programs and policing and doing what works. focus on programs and reducing system costs. reduced use of confinement and focus on prevention. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the tenets of the court during the Juvenile Court Period (1899-1960) was aimed at helping the child to develop a law-abiding lifestyle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a status offender? |
|
Definition
| A juvenile who has committed an act that is considered unacceptable for a child, such as truancy or running away from home, but that would not be a crime if committed by an adult. |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of juvenile criminal cases in the US are waived to adult court? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Established the essentials of due process for juvenile offenders, including the right to counsel, formal hearth, and cross examination. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Essentials of due process are required by juvenile offenders. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Jury trials are not required for juvenile court hearings. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Waiver to adult court following adjudication in juvenile court violates the constitutional guarantee against double jeopardy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Age of defendant must be considered as a mitigating factor in capital crimes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Minimum age for capital punishment if 16 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To impose the death penalty on someone for a crime committed before the age of 18 violates the 8th Amendment |
|
|
Term
| What is the best predictor of future criminal behavior and recidivism for juvenile offenders? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Juvenile court procedure in which a case is either dropped or referred to programs dealing with the delinquent's educational, mental health, or social needs. |
|
|
Term
| What are the difference between juveniles and adults that justify a separate system? |
|
Definition
1. Juveniles have little responsibility for others.
2. Juveniles' families are an important part of their lives.
3. Juveniles are young and may easily change. |
|
|
Term
| If a panel of experts were asked to characterize the US correctional system, they would likely say little about new policies, programs, or other innovations. Instead, they would say that what sets the US corrections system apart from all others is that it is so |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Over one in three African American men in their twenties is currently |
|
Definition
| under some form of correctional control |
|
|
Term
| The population of drug offenders in the US prisons has increased by over ___% since 1980. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the five major dilemmas facing the US correctional system? |
|
Definition
1. Mission - lacks a clear mission
2. Methods - strategies and techniques are ambiguous
3. Structure - Internal an external structure limit its ability to influence its own fate significantly
4. Personnel - the main resource of the correctional system, problems with attracting right kind of people and motivating them to stay once they are hired (attracting motivating and retaining outstanding personnel is key to an effective correctional system.
5. Costs |
|
|
Term
| Where does the initial recruitment problem with attempting to hire correction staff stem from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excluding the actual financing costs, the cost of building a prison today now exceeds roughly $____ per cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The crime rate today is nearly the same as it was in ____, the year prison populations first began to grow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| State correctional budgets have more than ____ in the past decade |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to your authors, the field of corrections will continue to worsen without what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three most frequently cited pressures which have left the correctional system in its current unstable form? |
|
Definition
| Political, economic, and social pressures |
|
|
Term
| Treatment focused on evidence based initiatives are programs that identify the key risk factors for offending and implementing prevention methods in an attempt to |
|
Definition
| counteract them before they occur |
|
|
Term
| What are the four trends that are presumed to be able to help shape the future of the US correctional system? |
|
Definition
1. Evidence based practices - one of those rare ideas getting wide acceptable from many different correctional constituents: conservatives and liberals, practitioners and researchers.
2. Techno corrections
3. Falling crime rates
4. Professionalism |
|
|
Term
| The social costs of growth of the penal system have been borne most substantially by minority communities that already struggle with |
|
Definition
| poverty and other forms of disadvantage |
|
|
Term
| Electronic monitoring is an example of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Motivational interviewing |
|
Definition
| communicating/motivating people to change (used often with people on probation/parole) |
|
|
Term
| According to the text, when a leader's skills fit the situation |
|
Definition
| effective leadership follows. |
|
|
