-1862

-Systems of small holdings into larger holdings

-gov. handed out free land with $10 registration fee

600,000 families accepted- promised to live on land 5 years and make it productive land

-2/3 failed

Racially segregated

H.S. SPURRS WESTERN EXPANSION

- 1869

-Led by Terence Powderly

-Open to anyone who is a producer- skilled, unskilled, men/women, and somewhat racially inclusive

-pushed for an 8 hour day, (8 hours work, sleep, and what we will)

-wanted to end wage system- want profit sharing system

-700,000 members by 1886

Haymarket Square in Chicago

H.S.-- IMPORTANT BECAUSE THEY ARE A HOMEGROWN RESPONSE TO ECONOMIC INEQUALITY

American Federation of Labor- AFL

• Formed by Samuel Gompers
• Only wanted skilled white workers b/c they are harder to replace
• Bread and Butter unionism- argued for working conditions and wages
• Successful for 1st 30 years
• Want capitalism with all union workplaces
• They only argued for wages and working conditions

• 1887
• By Henry Dawes
• Ended tribal rule and divided their land into 16-acre parcels
• gave each head of the household 1 parcel
• tried to turn Native Americans into settled farmers
• Tried to simulate them and convert them with education and Christianity
• Ghost Dance- 250 Natives Killed
• H.S. DONT RAISE VOICE AGAINST AMERICANIZATION

• late 1980's
• Became newspaper editor and journalist
• was born into slavery
• involved into an anti lynch campaign - lasted decade
• had 3 African American Friends who owned grocery store for White and Black people- ARRESTED AND LYNCHED
• Ida left memphis b/c lynchers were after her for exposing them
• H.S. AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN BECAME MORE POLITICALLY ACTIVE IN 1890'S- IMPORTANT BECAUSE SHE CALLED OUT LYNCHING AND SHE USED HER POSITION AS AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMAN

• 1889- Jane Adams
• Hull house was owned and served multiple purposes
• settlement house for workers to get their feet on the ground
• Services for the local community with Daycare, nursery, health services, English classes, educational and cultural classes
• Became Vehicle to clean up tenements and clean up streets
• H.S. PROVIDED A GENERATION OF FEMALE LEADERS AND IS AN EXAMPLE OF SOCIAL REFORM

• 1892- Carnegie left and had Henry Clay Frick in charge
• There was a decline in sales of their steel production- needed to cut wages
• Workers went on strike- company tried to bring in pinkertons to replace them
• there was an open gun battle
• Frick was shot by Anarchist
• Public opinion turns against unions- labor violence seen as a threat
• H.S. THE STRIKE SHOWED THE PUBLIC THAT THE ISSUE OF LABOR RELATION WAS A PROBLEM THAT WAS TEARING THE PUBLIC APART