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Amer Gov
Chap 15 Order and Civil Liberties
15
Political Studies
Undergraduate 4
05/02/2011

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Term
civil liberties
Definition
freedoms guaranteed to individuals taking the form of restraint on government
Term
civil rights
Definition
powers or privileges guaranteed to individuals and protected from arbitrary removal at the hands of government or individuals
Term
establishment clause
Definition
the first clause in the first amendment, which forbids government establishment of religion
Term
free-exercise clause
Definition
the second clause in the First Amendment, which prevents the government from interfering with the exercise of religion
Term
strict scrutiny
Definition
A standard used by the Supreme Court in deciding whether a law or policy is to be adjudged constitutional. To pass strict scrutiny, the law or policy must be justified by "a compelling governmental interest," must be narrowly tailored, and must be the least restrictive means for achieving that interest.
Term
free expression clauses
Definition
the press and speech clauses of hte first amendment
Term
clear and present danger test
Definition
a means by which the Supreme Court has distinguished between speech as the advocacy of ideas, which is protected by the first amendment, and speech as incitement, which is not protected.
Term
fighting words
Definition
speech that is not protected by the first amendment because it inflicts injury or tends to incite an immediate disturbance of the piece
Term
public figures
Definition
people who assume roles of prominence in society or thrust themselves to the forefront of public controversy
Term
bills of attainder
Definition
a law that pronounces an individual guilty of a crime without a trial
Term
ex post facto laws
Definition
laws that declare an action to be criminal after it has been performed
Term
obligation of contracts
Definition
the obligation of the parties to a contract to carry out its terms
Term
Miranda Warnings
Definition
statements concerning rights that police are required to make to a person before he or she is subjected to in custody questioning
Term
exclusionary rule
Definition
the judicial rule that states that evidence obtained in an illegal search and seizure cannot be used in trial
Term
good faith exception
Definition
an exception to the supreme court exclusionary rule, holding that evidence seized on the basis of a mistakenly issued search warrant can be introduced at a trial if the mistake was made in good faith, that is, if all parties involved had reason at the time to believe that the warrant was proper
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