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Amer Gov
Chap 16 Equality and Civil Rights
20
Political Studies
Undergraduate 4
05/02/2011

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Term
equality of opportunity
Definition
the idea that each person is guaranteed the same chance to succeed in life
Term
equality of outcome
Definition
the concept that society must ensure that people are equal, and governments must design policies to redistribute wealth and status so that economic and social equality is actually achieved
Term
invidious discrimination
Definition
discrimination against persons or groups that works to their harm and is based on animosity
Term
civil rights
Definition
powers or privileges guaranteed to individuals and protected from arbitrary removal at the hands of government or individuals
Term
black codes
Definition
legislation enacted by former slave states to restrict the freedoms of blacks
Term
racism
Definition
a belief that human races have distinct characteristics such that ones own race is superior to, and has a right to rule, others
Term
poll tax
Definition
a tax of $1 or $2 on every citizen who wished to vote, first instituted in Georgia in 1877. Although it was no burden on most white citizens, it effectively disenfranchised blacks
Term
racial segregation
Definition
separation form society because of race
Term
separate but equal doctrine
Definition
the concept that providing separate but equivalent facilities for blacks and whites satisfies the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment
Term
desegregation
Definition
the ending of authorized segregation, or separation by race
Term
de jure segregation
Definition
government-imposed segregation
Term
de facto segregation
Definition
segregation that is not the result of government influence
Term
civil rights movement
Definition
the mass mobilization during the 1960's that sought to gain equality of rights and opportunities for blacks in the south and to a lesser extent in the North, mainly through nonviolent, unconventional means of participation
Term
boycott
Definition
a refusal to do business with a firm, individual, or nation as an expression of disapproval or as means of coercion
Term
civil disobedience
Definition
the willful but nonviolent breach of laws that are regarded as unjust
Term
set-aside
Definition
a purchasing or contracting provision that reserves a certain percentage of funds for minority owned contractors
Term
Protectionism
Definition
the notion that women must be protected from life's cruelties; until the 1970's, the basis for laws affecting woman's civil right
Term
nineteenth amendment
Definition
the amendment to the constitution, adopted in 1920, that ensures women of the right to vote
Term
equal rights amendment (ERA)
Definition
A failed constitutional amendment introduced by the National Women's Party in 1923, declaring that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex"
Term
affirmative action
Definition
any of a wide range of programs, from special recruitment efforts to numerical quotas, aimed at expanding opportunities for women and minority groups
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