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| the idea that each person is guaranteed the same chance to succeed in life |
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| the concept that society must ensure that people are equal, and governments must design policies to redistribute wealth and status so that economic and social equality is actually achieved |
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| discrimination against persons or groups that works to their harm and is based on animosity |
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| powers or privileges guaranteed to individuals and protected from arbitrary removal at the hands of government or individuals |
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| legislation enacted by former slave states to restrict the freedoms of blacks |
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| a belief that human races have distinct characteristics such that ones own race is superior to, and has a right to rule, others |
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| a tax of $1 or $2 on every citizen who wished to vote, first instituted in Georgia in 1877. Although it was no burden on most white citizens, it effectively disenfranchised blacks |
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| separation form society because of race |
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| separate but equal doctrine |
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| the concept that providing separate but equivalent facilities for blacks and whites satisfies the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment |
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| the ending of authorized segregation, or separation by race |
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| government-imposed segregation |
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| segregation that is not the result of government influence |
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| the mass mobilization during the 1960's that sought to gain equality of rights and opportunities for blacks in the south and to a lesser extent in the North, mainly through nonviolent, unconventional means of participation |
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| a refusal to do business with a firm, individual, or nation as an expression of disapproval or as means of coercion |
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| the willful but nonviolent breach of laws that are regarded as unjust |
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| a purchasing or contracting provision that reserves a certain percentage of funds for minority owned contractors |
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| the notion that women must be protected from life's cruelties; until the 1970's, the basis for laws affecting woman's civil right |
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| the amendment to the constitution, adopted in 1920, that ensures women of the right to vote |
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| equal rights amendment (ERA) |
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| A failed constitutional amendment introduced by the National Women's Party in 1923, declaring that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex" |
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| any of a wide range of programs, from special recruitment efforts to numerical quotas, aimed at expanding opportunities for women and minority groups |
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