Term
|
Definition
| As triglycerides in adipose tissue |
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|
Term
| In a normal 70Kg person how much is fat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is fat a good store or energy? |
|
Definition
| Has a low weight but a high release of energy |
|
|
Term
| What are the three stages of triglyceride catabolism? |
|
Definition
| Lipolysis, Activation of Fatty Acids and Oxidation of Fatty Acids |
|
|
Term
| What happens in lipolysis? |
|
Definition
| Hydrolysis of the triglyceride to glycerol and three fatty acids |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Hydrolyse triglyceride to glycerol and three fatty acids/ And then the conversion of glycerol to pyruvate/glucose |
|
|
Term
| How is lipolysis mediated? |
|
Definition
| By hormones like glucagon and adrenaline |
|
|
Term
| What does glycerol kinase do? |
|
Definition
| Adds a phosphate group to convert glycerol to 1-glycerol-3-phosphate |
|
|
Term
| What does 1-glycerol-3-phophate dehydrogenase do? |
|
Definition
| Dehydrogenates 1-glycerol-3-phosphate to Dihyroxyacetone phosphate |
|
|
Term
| What happens during the activation of fatty acid stage of fat catabolism? |
|
Definition
| Fatty acids are converted to Fatty Acid CoA |
|
|
Term
| What does Acyl CoA synthetase do? |
|
Definition
| Converts ATP to AMP and converts fatty acid to fatty acid Acyl Co A |
|
|
Term
| What is the problem with Acyl Co A? |
|
Definition
| The mitochondria is impermeable to it and so it is transferred between them as Carnitine |
|
|
Term
| What does the enzyme Carnitine acyltransferase I do? |
|
Definition
| Converts Carnitine to Acyl carnitine and absorbs Acyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| What does the enzyme Carnitine acyltransferase II do? |
|
Definition
| Converts Acyl carnitine to Carnitine and release Acyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| What happens during the oxidation of fatty acid stage of fat catabolism? |
|
Definition
1)Acyl CoA is dehydrogenated to Enoyl CoA
2)Enoyl CoA is hydrated to L-3-Hydroxyacyl CoA
3)L-3-Hydroxyacyl CoA is dehydrogenated to 3-ketoacyl Co A
4)3-ketoacyl Co A is cleaved to form Acyl CoA and Acetyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| What does acyl CoA dehydrogenase do? |
|
Definition
| Dehydrogenates Acyl CoA to form Enoyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| What does Enoyl Co A hydratase do? |
|
Definition
| Hydrates Enoyl CoA to form L-3-Hydroxyacyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| What does L-3-hydroxylacyl CoA do? |
|
Definition
| Dehydrogenates L-3-hydroxylacyl CoA to form 3-Ketoacyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| What does 3-ketoacyl thiolase do? |
|
Definition
| Cleaves 3-ketoacyl CoA with the addition of a thiol group to form Acyl CoA and Acetyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| How much ATP is generated from one Acetyl CoA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the fate of Acetyl CoA during starvation? |
|
Definition
| It is converted into ketone bodies? |
|
|
Term
| Why is Acetyl CoA converted to ketone bodies under starvation? |
|
Definition
| No citric acid cycle can occur because all of the oxaloacetate has been used in gluconeogenesis |
|
|
Term
| Where are the ketone bodies produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are ketone bodies the basis of the atkins diet? |
|
Definition
| Have to burn more of them to get the same amount of gluose |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathways of fatty acid synthesis? |
|
Definition
| The reverse of the oxidation of fatty acid step of the catabolism of lipids |
|
|
Term
| What is used instead of Acetyl CoA in fatty acid synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the Acetyl CoA carboxylase do? |
|
Definition
| Decarboxylases acetyl CoA and adds a phosphate group to form Malonyl CoA |
|
|
Term
| What is used instead of CoA in fatty acid synthesis? |
|
Definition
| ACP (Acyl Carrier Protein) |
|
|
Term
| What does the enzyme Acyl-malonyl ACP condensing enzyme do? |
|
Definition
| Condenses malonyl and acyl ACP to form Ketoacyl ACP |
|
|
Term
| What does 3-ketoacyl ACP reducatse do? |
|
Definition
| Reduces ketoacyl ACP to form D-3-hydroxyacyl ACP |
|
|
Term
| What does 3-hydroxyacyl ACP dehydrase do? |
|
Definition
| Dehydrate D-3-Hydroxyacyl ACP to Enoyl ACP |
|
|
Term
| What does Enoyl ACP reductase do? |
|
Definition
| Reduce Enoyl ACP to Acyl ACP |
|
|
Term
| How is ACP released from Acyl ACP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 10 essential amino acids? |
|
Definition
| Phe, Trp, Thr, Met, Ile, Leu, Val, his, Arg and Lys |
|
|
Term
| When does hydrolysis of proteins occur? |
|
Definition
| When fat and sugar resevoirs have been used up |
|
|
Term
| Where does the catabolism of amino acids occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The removal of the amine group from an amino acid to form urea |
|
|
Term
| What does aminotransferase do? |
|
Definition
| Moves the amine group from an amino acid to a keto acid |
|
|
Term
| What does glutamate hydrogenase do? |
|
Definition
| Dehydrogenates glutamate to form urea |
|
|
Term
| How is an amino acid converted to urea? |
|
Definition
| Converted to a-ketoglutarate then to glutamate then to urea |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the carbon skeleton of the amino acid after deamination? |
|
Definition
| Conversion to any citric acid component, pyruvate or a-keto glutarate |
|
|
Term
| The transamination of alanine produces which molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The transamination of aspartate produces which molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the enzyme aspartate amino transferase do? |
|
Definition
| Convert aspartate to oxaolacetate |
|
|
Term
| What does the enzyme alanine amino transferase do? |
|
Definition
| Convert alanine to pyruvate |
|
|
Term
| How does the synthesis of amino acids occur? |
|
Definition
| Addiction of an amine group to a component of the citric acid cycle |
|
|
Term
| Why must ethanol be metabolised? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is ethanol metabolised? |
|
Definition
| Conversion to acetaldehyde and then to acetic acid |
|
|
Term
| What does alcohol dehydrogenase do? |
|
Definition
| Dehydrogenates ethanol to acetaldehyde |
|
|
Term
| What does aldehyde dehydrogenase do? |
|
Definition
| Dehydrogenates acetaldehyde to acetic acid |
|
|
Term
| The increase of alcohol metabolism increases which molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the liver affected by an increase in NADH? |
|
Definition
| Increase of lactic acid and increase of fatty acid synthesis due to inactivation of oxidative phosphorylation and the citric acid cycle |
|
|
Term
| What is the consequence of an increase in lactate as a consequence of alcohol metabolism? |
|
Definition
| Increase in glycolysis and so not enough glucose in the blood so hypoglycaemia occurs |
|
|
Term
| What is the conzequence of fatty acid synthesis as a consequence of alcohol metabolism? |
|
Definition
| Steatosis (Fatty Liver Disease |
|
|
Term
| What happens during alcohol intolerance? |
|
Definition
| Inability to convert acetaldehyde to acetic acid and as acetaldehyde is very toxic the person becomes nauseous warm, has an increased heart rate and liver damage |
|
|
Term
| Which animal has the most effective alcohol dehydrogenase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of the UK population is obese? |
|
Definition
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