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Alternative Respiration
Fat and Alcohol metabolism
57
Biochemistry
Undergraduate 1
01/20/2013

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Cards

Term
How is fat stored?
Definition
As triglycerides in adipose tissue
Term
In a normal 70Kg person how much is fat?
Definition
15Kg
Term
Why is fat a good store or energy?
Definition
Has a low weight but a high release of energy
Term
What are the three stages of triglyceride catabolism?
Definition
Lipolysis, Activation of Fatty Acids and Oxidation of Fatty Acids
Term
What happens in lipolysis?
Definition
Hydrolysis of the triglyceride to glycerol and three fatty acids
Term
What does lipase do?
Definition
Hydrolyse triglyceride to glycerol and three fatty acids/ And then the conversion of glycerol to pyruvate/glucose
Term
How is lipolysis mediated?
Definition
By hormones like glucagon and adrenaline
Term
What does glycerol kinase do?
Definition
Adds a phosphate group to convert glycerol to 1-glycerol-3-phosphate
Term
What does 1-glycerol-3-phophate dehydrogenase do?
Definition
Dehydrogenates 1-glycerol-3-phosphate to Dihyroxyacetone phosphate
Term
What happens during the activation of fatty acid stage of fat catabolism?
Definition
Fatty acids are converted to Fatty Acid CoA
Term
What does Acyl CoA synthetase do?
Definition
Converts ATP to AMP and converts fatty acid to fatty acid Acyl Co A
Term
What is the problem with Acyl Co A?
Definition
The mitochondria is impermeable to it and so it is transferred between them as Carnitine
Term
What does the enzyme Carnitine acyltransferase I do?
Definition
Converts Carnitine to Acyl carnitine and absorbs Acyl CoA
Term
What does the enzyme Carnitine acyltransferase II do?
Definition
Converts Acyl carnitine to Carnitine and release Acyl CoA
Term
What happens during the oxidation of fatty acid stage of fat catabolism?
Definition
1)Acyl CoA is dehydrogenated to Enoyl CoA
2)Enoyl CoA is hydrated to L-3-Hydroxyacyl CoA
3)L-3-Hydroxyacyl CoA is dehydrogenated to 3-ketoacyl Co A
4)3-ketoacyl Co A is cleaved to form Acyl CoA and Acetyl CoA
Term
What does acyl CoA dehydrogenase do?
Definition
Dehydrogenates Acyl CoA to form Enoyl CoA
Term
What does Enoyl Co A hydratase do?
Definition
Hydrates Enoyl CoA to form L-3-Hydroxyacyl CoA
Term
What does L-3-hydroxylacyl CoA do?
Definition
Dehydrogenates L-3-hydroxylacyl CoA to form 3-Ketoacyl CoA
Term
What does 3-ketoacyl thiolase do?
Definition
Cleaves 3-ketoacyl CoA with the addition of a thiol group to form Acyl CoA and Acetyl CoA
Term
How much ATP is generated from one Acetyl CoA?
Definition
10
Term
What is the fate of Acetyl CoA during starvation?
Definition
It is converted into ketone bodies?
Term
Why is Acetyl CoA converted to ketone bodies under starvation?
Definition
No citric acid cycle can occur because all of the oxaloacetate has been used in gluconeogenesis
Term
Where are the ketone bodies produced?
Definition
In the liver
Term
Why are ketone bodies the basis of the atkins diet?
Definition
Have to burn more of them to get the same amount of gluose
Term
What is the pathways of fatty acid synthesis?
Definition
The reverse of the oxidation of fatty acid step of the catabolism of lipids
Term
What is used instead of Acetyl CoA in fatty acid synthesis?
Definition
Malonyl CoA
Term
What does the Acetyl CoA carboxylase do?
Definition
Decarboxylases acetyl CoA and adds a phosphate group to form Malonyl CoA
Term
What is used instead of CoA in fatty acid synthesis?
Definition
ACP (Acyl Carrier Protein)
Term
What does the enzyme Acyl-malonyl ACP condensing enzyme do?
Definition
Condenses malonyl and acyl ACP to form Ketoacyl ACP
Term
What does 3-ketoacyl ACP reducatse do?
Definition
Reduces ketoacyl ACP to form D-3-hydroxyacyl ACP
Term
What does 3-hydroxyacyl ACP dehydrase do?
Definition
Dehydrate D-3-Hydroxyacyl ACP to Enoyl ACP
Term
What does Enoyl ACP reductase do?
Definition
Reduce Enoyl ACP to Acyl ACP
Term
How is ACP released from Acyl ACP
Definition
By a thioester
Term
What are the 10 essential amino acids?
Definition
Phe, Trp, Thr, Met, Ile, Leu, Val, his, Arg and Lys
Term
When does hydrolysis of proteins occur?
Definition
When fat and sugar resevoirs have been used up
Term
Where does the catabolism of amino acids occur?
Definition
In the liver
Term
What is deamination?
Definition
The removal of the amine group from an amino acid to form urea
Term
What does aminotransferase do?
Definition
Moves the amine group from an amino acid to a keto acid
Term
What does glutamate hydrogenase do?
Definition
Dehydrogenates glutamate to form urea
Term
How is an amino acid converted to urea?
Definition
Converted to a-ketoglutarate then to glutamate then to urea
Term
What happens to the carbon skeleton of the amino acid after deamination?
Definition
Conversion to any citric acid component, pyruvate or a-keto glutarate
Term
The transamination of alanine produces which molecule?
Definition
Pyruvate
Term
The transamination of aspartate produces which molecule?
Definition
Oxaloacetate
Term
What does the enzyme aspartate amino transferase do?
Definition
Convert aspartate to oxaolacetate
Term
What does the enzyme alanine amino transferase do?
Definition
Convert alanine to pyruvate
Term
How does the synthesis of amino acids occur?
Definition
Addiction of an amine group to a component of the citric acid cycle
Term
Why must ethanol be metabolised?
Definition
It dissolves membranes
Term
How is ethanol metabolised?
Definition
Conversion to acetaldehyde and then to acetic acid
Term
What does alcohol dehydrogenase do?
Definition
Dehydrogenates ethanol to acetaldehyde
Term
What does aldehyde dehydrogenase do?
Definition
Dehydrogenates acetaldehyde to acetic acid
Term
The increase of alcohol metabolism increases which molecule?
Definition
NADH
Term
How is the liver affected by an increase in NADH?
Definition
Increase of lactic acid and increase of fatty acid synthesis due to inactivation of oxidative phosphorylation and the citric acid cycle
Term
What is the consequence of an increase in lactate as a consequence of alcohol metabolism?
Definition
Increase in glycolysis and so not enough glucose in the blood so hypoglycaemia occurs
Term
What is the conzequence of fatty acid synthesis as a consequence of alcohol metabolism?
Definition
Steatosis (Fatty Liver Disease
Term
What happens during alcohol intolerance?
Definition
Inability to convert acetaldehyde to acetic acid and as acetaldehyde is very toxic the person becomes nauseous warm, has an increased heart rate and liver damage
Term
Which animal has the most effective alcohol dehydrogenase?
Definition
Horses
Term
What percentage of the UK population is obese?
Definition
20%
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