Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| nicotinic acid and nicotinamide |
|
Definition
| derivatives of vitamin B3 |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| function of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) |
|
Definition
| necessary in the body to form collagen in bones, cartilage, muscle, and blood vessels |
|
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Term
| ascorbic acid (vitamin C) deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ascorbic acid (vitamin C) overdose |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| nicotinic acid/nicotinamide (vitamin B3 derivatives) deficiency |
|
Definition
| pellagra (skin disease, diarrhea, dementia, depression) |
|
|
Term
| nicotinic acid/nicotinamide (vitamin B3 derivatives) overdose |
|
Definition
liver toxicity
increased liver enzyme levels in blood
jaundice
ascites
liver failure |
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Term
|
Definition
risk of the fetus developing a neural tube defect (spina bifida)
megaloblastic and macrocytic anemias |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| significant CNS side effects |
|
|
Term
| cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function of cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) |
|
Definition
helps maintain healthy nerve cells and RBCs
also needed to make DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| required for a vast number of biological processes like vision and cellular growth |
|
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Term
|
Definition
xerophthalmia (dry eye)
night blindness/total blindness
some skin disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acne
certain leukemias
measles
malaria
retinitis pigmentosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
infants can develop a bulging fontanelle
adults experience brain tumor-like symptoms
severe toxicity can lead to eye damage, high levels of calcium, and liver damage |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| aids in absorption of calcium, helping to form and maintain strong bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rickets (children)
osteomalacia (adults) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hypophosphatemia
hyperparathyroidism (due to low vit D)
hypocalcemia
psoriasis
osteomalacia
renal osteodystrophy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hypercalcemia
excess bone loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acts as an antioxidant
acts through immunomodulation
acts through an antiplatelet effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| profoundly affects the CNS and can cause ataxia and peripheral neuropathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| may increase the risk of bleeding problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| necessary for normal clotting of blood in humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defective blood clotting and increased bleeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hemorrhagic disease of newborn
warfarin reversal |
|
|
Term
| rule of thumb with supplements and surgery |
|
Definition
| STOP ALL SUPPLEMENTS 2-3 weeks before any procedure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, other menopausal symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mixed
<6 month long trials |
|
|
Term
| black cohosh side effects |
|
Definition
| headache, GI complaints, weight problems |
|
|
Term
| black cohosh drug interactions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| black cohosh contraindications |
|
Definition
hx of breast/uterine cancer
(very similar to estrogen) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
menstrual problems (PMS)
menopausal symptoms
infertility
acne |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
some benefit shown for PMS, breast pain, and infertility BUT small poorly designed studies
more data needed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
GI problems, acne-like rashes, dizziness
may affect certain hormone levels
may affect dopamine system in the brain |
|
|
Term
| chasteberry contraindications |
|
Definition
pregnant women
women taking OCP
women who have a hormone-sensitive condition (ex: breast cancer) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
no evidence so far
more research underway for URIs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| asthma, anaphylaxis, rashes |
|
|
Term
| echinacea contraindications |
|
Definition
| allergies (related to plants in the daisy family including ragweed) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
weight loss
colds, fever, flu, headaches, nasal congestion, asthma, wheezing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased risk of heart, psychiatric, and GI problems as well as high blood pressure and stroke |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nausea, anxiety, headache, psychosis, kidney stones, tremors, dry mouth, arrhythmias, heart damage, high blood pressure, restlessness, sleep problems, GI upset, increased urination |
|
|
Term
| What supplement was no longer FDA approved for weight loss as of 2004? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
effective laxative
mixed data on lowering cholesterol and preventing heart disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
high cholesterol
HTN
heart disease
stomach cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
no effect on cholesterol
mixed data on HTN and atherosclerosis
no data on cancers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breath/body odor, heartburn, upset stomach, allergic reactions, blood thinner (similar to ASA) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stomach ache
nausea
diarrhea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
safely relieves pregnancy-related N/V
mixed data on chemo-induced N/V |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| few if any except with powdered ginger--gas, bloating, heartburn, nausea) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
improve memory
prevent Alzheimer's and other types of demetia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
promising results for Alzheimer's/dementia BUT larger studies needed
may be helpful in reducing claudication symptoms |
|
|
Term
| ginko biloba side effects |
|
Definition
nausea, GI upset, diarrhea, dizziness, allergic skin reactions, can increase bleeding risk
uncooked ginko can cause seizures and death (in large quantities) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
boost immune system
improve mental and physical performance
erectile dysfunction
menopausal symptoms
lower blood glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
may be effective in lowering blood glucose
not enough data on other uses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| headaches, sleep problems, GI upset |
|
|
Term
| ginseng contraindications |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| good evidence to support the use of glucosamine sulfate in treatment of mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| GI upset, drowsiness, insomnia, headache, skin reactions, photosensitivity, nail toughening, may increase bleeding risk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anxiety
insomnia
menopausal symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some evidence for anxiety, but FDA issued warning regarding liver toxicity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| liver damage, hepatitis, liver failure, dystonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
joint pain
skin conditions
cardiovascular disease
diabetes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antioxidant, immune-stimulating, and tumor-fighting properties BUT not well-studied
NCI studies underway regarding breast cancer prevention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kidney disease (high in potassium) |
|
|
Term
| Where is alpha linoleic acid (ALA) found? |
|
Definition
| flax, soy, walnuts, vegetable oils, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Where are EPA and DHA found? |
|
Definition
fish and certain nuts
(salmon and tilapia--little to no mercury) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lower triglycerides
reduce risk of death, MI, arrhythmias, stroke
lower blood pressure slightly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
good evidence to support slight lowering of BP, reduction in TGs, increase in HDL and LDL, reduction of non-fatal MI, fatal MI, sudden death, and all-cause mortality, improved kidney function (with cyclosporine)
some evidence with RA
no evidence for diabetes, angina, bipolar disorder, cancer, depression, eczema, menstrual symptoms, UC/Crohn's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
GI upset, fishy taste
may cause increased bleeding (high doses) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
PMS
menopausal symptoms
eczema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mostly small studies
some evidence for PMS BUT best studies showed no effect |
|
|
Term
| primrose oil side effects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
supportive evidence for TG and LDL lowering
no strong evidence for cardiovascular benefits or diabetes |
|
|
Term
| red yeast rice side effects |
|
Definition
similar to those for lovastatin
heartburn, gas, bloating, muscle pain/damage, dizziness, asthma, kidney problems |
|
|
Term
| red yeast rice contraindications |
|
Definition
| liver disease (may increase the risk of bleeding) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
urinary symptoms associated with BPH
chronic pelvic pain, bladder disorders, decreased libido, hair loss, hormone imbalances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| not enough evidence to support any uses |
|
|
Term
| saw palmetto side effects |
|
Definition
stomach discomfort
breast tenderness
decreased libido |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
depression
anxiety
sleep disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| some effect for mild depressive disorder BUT more studies needed |
|
|
Term
| St. John's wort side effects |
|
Definition
| photosensitivity, anxiety, dry mouth, dizziness, GI upset, fatigue, headache, sexual dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| St. John's wort drug interactions |
|
Definition
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