Term
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Definition
| Hardening of the arteries due to deposition of fibro-fatty plaques between the tunica media and tunica intima |
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Term
| Risk factors for Atherosclerosis |
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Definition
1.Age
2.Sex
3.Familial Predisposition (hypertension, diabetes, high blood lipid levels due to genetics)
4.Acquired risk factors
5.insufficient physical activity
6.competitive, stressful life style w/"type A" personality behavior
7.oral contraceptives
8.Mult. risk factors are more than an additive effect |
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Term
| THE BIG 4 (acquired risk factors for therosclerosis) |
|
Definition
1. Hypertension
2. smoking cigarettes
3. diabetes mellitus
4. high blood-lipid levels due to diet |
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Term
|
Definition
carrier molecules that transport cholesterol
LDL: (bad) mobilize lipids into bloodstream
HDL: (good) mobilize lipid from cells and plaques to liver for excretion |
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Term
|
Definition
Coronary and atherosclerotic risk
endothelial dysfunction (increases risk of clotting) |
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Term
| Hypertension as a risk factor for atherosclerosis |
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Definition
| -men 45-62 w/ bp over 160/95mm Hg have 5X greater risk then men w/ bp 140/90 |
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Term
| Smoking as a risk factor for atherosclerosis |
|
Definition
smoking 1 or more pack per day for several years increases the death rate by up to 200%
cessation reduces risk with time |
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Term
| Diabetes Mellitus as a risk factor for atherosclerosis |
|
Definition
-induces hypercholesterolemia
-myocardial infarction is 2X high
-increased risk of stroke
-100X increased risk of atherosclerosis-induced gangrene of lower extremities |
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Term
| Chronic endothelial injury allows LDLs to accumulate in the intima & become oxidized. 5 STEPS |
|
Definition
1.chronic endothelial injury: LDLs accumulate in intima & become oxidized
2.Endothelial dysfunction: Monocytes adhere & migrate (engulf LDL's to become foam cells)
3.Smooth m. cells migrate from media to intima & proliferate. Macrophage activation.
4.Macrophages & smooth m. engulf lipid: accumulation of foam cells shows up as a fatty streak & induces inflammatory response
5.Collagen & elastin are produced forming a fibrous plaque |
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Term
|
Definition
ulcerate or rupture, causing bleeding
thrombi and thromboemboli
calcium becomes deposited in lesion
emboli
TREATMENT: anti-platelet or thrombolytic drugs |
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Term
| Atherosclerosis in small vessels |
|
Definition
partial or total vascular occlusion
-coronary arteries, cerebral arteries |
|
|
Term
| atherosclerosis in large vessels |
|
Definition
aneurysms develop (no occlusion of lumen)
aorta |
|
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Term
|
Definition
when thrombi form over the top of the lesion
(complicated lesions) |
|
|
Term
| atherosclerosis of the Coronary arteries |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| atherosclerosis of the Cerebral arteries |
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Definition
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|
Term
| atherosclerosis of the renal arteries |
|
Definition
hypoperfusion of the kidneys
renin release
HYPERTENSION |
|
|
Term
| atherosclerosis of the intestinal arteries |
|
Definition
-chronic ischemia:nonspecific gastrointestinal probs.
-acute occlusion: massive intestinal infarction |
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|
Term
| Atherosclerosis in the extremities |
|
Definition
-chronic ishemia: underperfusion of the leg muscles (cramps)
-sudden occlusion of arteries: gangrene |
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Term
|
Definition
| sustained bp of 120/75 mm Hg |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-influence PR
-influence NA homeostasis
Renin: converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin
Angiotensin:increases PR (vasoconstriction) & increases blood vol. (aldosterone) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Q= (P1-P2)/R
Blood flow = change is press./ resistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
R=8nl/piv^4
Resistance= (8x viscosity of blood x length of tube)/ pi x lumen's radius ^4) |
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|
Term
| Hypertension: who's affected |
|
Definition
-25% of general public
-blacks are affected twice as often as whites
-increased prevalence w/ age |
|
|
Term
| Hypertension is a risk factor for |
|
Definition
coronary artery disease (heart attack)
cerebrovascular accidents (stroke) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
90-95% IDIOPATHIC (primary)
5-10% secondary (renal disease, atheromas, adrenal/thyroid disorders, pregnancy) |
|
|
Term
| Factors involved in development of hypertension |
|
Definition
1.obesity (inc. PR & workload on heart)
2.smoking (inc. HR & vasoconst.)
3.salt (inc. blood vol.)
4.Atherosclerosis (inc. PR)
5.Caffeine:CV & Resp. Stim. & vasoconst. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
painful
dysphagis & dyspena caused by press of a large vol. of blood on surrounding organs |
|
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Term
|
Definition
increased intracranial pressure
stroke |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| involve all 3 layers of wall |
|
|
Term
| Fusiform circumferential aneurysm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fusiform saccular aneurysm |
|
Definition
| only 1 side of vessel involved |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| break in vessel wall, blood contained by adventia |
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Term
|
Definition
| blood has pooled, producing an abnormally dilated, tortuous vein |
|
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Term
|
Definition
trauma to saphenous vein that damages valves
venous distension caused by standing for long periods of time |
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Term
|
Definition
| result from dilation of the veins at the anorectal junction |
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Term
|
Definition
| in patients with cirrhosis of the liver |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
circulation to extremities is so slow that metabolic needs are barely met
RESULT: cell death & necrosis |
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Term
|
Definition
thrombi arise in deep veins of the legs
no symptoms
give rise to pulmonary embolism & infarct
RESULT as a complication of orthopedic or obestetric procedures |
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