Term
| Red bone marrow is produced where? |
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Definition
| In flat and irregular bones; at the end of long bones, pelvis, vertebrae, sacrum, sternum ribs, flat cranial bones, and scapulae. |
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Term
| Describe stem cells in bone marrow? |
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Definition
| Non-differentiated, immature blood cell that is able to renew. Known as the hematopoietic stem cell |
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Term
| Differentiation of blood cells are stimulated by .. |
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Definition
| cytokines, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, thyroxine, corticosteroids. |
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Term
| The spleen filters and store... |
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Definition
| monocytes, lymphocytes, immunoglobins (plasma), and 30% of platelets |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How many RBC (erythrocytes)in a female? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many thrombocytes (platelets)? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many WBC (Leukocytes)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the life span of an erythrocyte (RBC)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are antibodies made? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Where are antigen markers located? |
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Definition
| On the outer surface of every cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What type of blood has not antigens? |
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Definition
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Term
| What blood type is known as the Universal recipient and why? |
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Definition
| AB because it has no antibodies= no reaction |
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Term
| What blood both A and B antibodies? |
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Definition
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Term
| Type "O" can only receive what blood type? |
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Definition
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Term
| IF I have a reduction in erythrocyte (RBC)count causing me to not make RBC, resulting in a reduced quality of hemoglobin, a reduced volume of packed RBC and hematocrit. Grouped by morphology size, shape, and color...what do I have??? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the S&S of Anemia? |
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Definition
| Pallor, white inside of eyelid and mucus membranes, a sensitivity to cold, dyspnea, palpitations, and fatigue. |
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Term
| Iron deficiency anemia S &S |
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Definition
| Pallor burning of lips (glossitis) tongue (cheilitis) |
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Term
| Who are more likely to have Iron deficiency anemia? |
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Definition
| 30% of the population, the young, those with a poor diet, and reproductive age women |
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Term
| What are the causes of iron deficiency anemia? |
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Definition
| malabsorption, GI duodenum surgery, blood loss, hemolysis. |
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Term
| What is usually given for those with iron deficiency anemia? |
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Definition
| Iron 150-300mg daily before meals with orange juice |
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Term
| What are some foods that can help boost iron? |
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Definition
| liver, spinach, carrots, whole wheat, and legumes. |
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Term
| What is Thalassemia anemia? |
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Definition
| A genetic recessive inadequate production of normal (hemoglobin) and an absent or reduced alpha beta chain globin that is mild to severe. |
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Term
| What is the treatment for Thalassemia anemia? |
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Definition
| Periodic transfusion, chelating agent to bind excess iron to sponge up excess iron. May also need Zinc and Vit C |
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Term
| What ethnic groups are usually affected by Thalassemia? |
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Definition
| Those who's of Mediterranean Sea origins (Asia, Middle East, Africa). |
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Term
| What is the treatment for Thalassemia? |
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Definition
| Blood transfusions in conjunction with chelating agents that bide to iron such as: oral deferasirox (Exjade), or deferipron (Ferriprox) or deferoxamine (Desferal). |
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Term
| What is Megaloblastic anemia? |
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Definition
| A group of disorders caused by impaired DNA synthesis and by the presence of Large RBC. Resulting in defective RBC maturation with fragile cell membranes |
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Term
| What are the possible causes of Megaloblastic anemia? |
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Definition
| genetic errorsin the metabolism of V-B12 (cobalamin, folic acid deficiency or just the result of DNA RNA errors |
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Term
| What is the treatment for Megaloblastic anemia? |
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Definition
| B-12 and folic acid supplements. |
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Term
| What is Cobalamin Anemia? |
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Definition
| (B-12)A lack in the intrinsic factor that is secreted by the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa. This (I.F.) is needed for the absorption of V-B12 (a pernicious anemia). |
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Term
| What are the S&S of Cobalamin Anemia? |
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Definition
| Paresthesia (numbness of hands and feet)and sore beefy red shiny tongue. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What can cause Cobalamin anemia? |
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Definition
| missing intrinsic factor, small bowel surgery, alcohol |
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Term
| Treatments for Cobalamin anemia? |
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Definition
| a diet high in meat, eggs, cheese. Otherwise IM injections monthly and V-B12 shots. |
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Term
| What causes Folic Acid deficiency anemia? |
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Definition
| Dietary deficiency of leafy green vegetables and citrus fruits,fish, organ meats, legumes. Malabsorption syndromes, drugs interfering with the absorption or use of folic acid such as Methotrexate, phenobarbital and Dilantin, increase requirement, alcohol abuse, anorexia, hemodialysis patients because it is lost during dialysis. And bowel resection |
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Term
| What are the S&S of Folic Acid deficiency Anemia? |
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Definition
| Dyspepsia, smooth red beefy tongue |
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Term
| How is Folic Acid deficiency anemia treated? |
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Definition
| With folic acid supplements. |
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Term
| Aplastic, hypoplastic, or pancytopenic Anemia |
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Definition
| A decrease in all blood types |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Causes of Aplastic Anemia? |
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Definition
| Either congenital or acquired due to chemotherapy (most common cause). |
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Term
| What is the treatment for Aplastic Anemia? |
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Definition
| bone marrow transplant or stop chemotherapy treatment. |
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Term
| What are the nursing interventions for sickle cell disease? |
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Definition
| Prevent crisis: dehydration, stress, infection, low O2 stats. |
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Term
| What are the S&S of Sickle cell disease? |
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Definition
| Clumping of cells with hypoxia of any tissue. May cause ischemia of spleen, lungs, kidneys, brain, creation of jaundice. |
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Term
| What is the treatment plan for Sickle Cell? |
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Definition
| pain relief, morphine, hydromorphone, PCA, fluids, o2, transfusion. |
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Term
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Definition
| a reduction of platelets below 150,000. |
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Term
| Von Willebrand (clotting) Factor |
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Definition
| The most important protein mediating platelet adhesion to damaged endothelial cells. Lacks factor VIII coagulation protein highest disorder 1/100 autosomal. |
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Term
| What lab value will be elevated with thrombocytopenia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the S&S of Thrombocytopenia? |
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Definition
| purpura, petechiae, spontaneous bleeding |
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Term
| Common causes of thrombocytopenia? |
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Definition
| Heparin Induced, ASA (especially in rheumatoid Arthritis patients). chemotherapy radiation. Helicobacter pylori. |
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Term
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Definition
| An X-linked recessive genetic disorder caused by a defective or deficient coagulation factor. |
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Term
| Discribe the genetic link to Hemophilia~ |
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Definition
| Female carriers parent causes 50% of males born to them to have the disease. 50% of their female offspring will be carriers. Male parents with the disease = all male children will be disease will be disease free and all female children will be carriers. |
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Term
| What are the S&S of hemophilia? |
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Definition
| long prolonged bleeding-hemmorrhage |
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Term
| What test are to be done to diagnose hemophilia? |
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Definition
| Intrinsic pathways, VIII, IX, X, XII and VWF. If blood slows down and becomes static activated. |
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Term
| What is the treatment for hemophilia? |
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Definition
| replacement factors given before surgery dental work, after injuries for A ad WVF, vasopressin (DDAVP) as nasal spray. Pack bleeding joints in ice (to cause vasorestriciton). |
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Term
| Amicar, a drug used to treat Hemophilia does what? |
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Definition
| Antifibrinolytic therapy to stabilize the clots. Stays put! |
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Term
| causes of Hemolytic Anemia |
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Definition
| Physical, hemodialysis, heart-lung machine, artif |
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Term
| What are the s&s of hemophilia? |
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Definition
| long prolonged bleeding-hemmorrhage |
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Term
| How to test for Hemophilia? |
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Definition
| Testing blood for intrinsic pathway factors VIII, IX, X, XII, VWF |
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Term
| Treatment for hemophilia? |
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Definition
| Replacement factors given before surgery, dental work, after injuries, for a WVF: Vasopressin (DDAVP) as a nasal spray. Pack bleeding joints on ice, amican: antifibrinolytic therapy stabilizes clot so it will stay put. |
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Term
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Definition
S&S Fever >100.4, LOW WBC
TX: determine cause and make sure you wash hands around this pt, they need HEPA filter, antibiotics, and neulasta (WBC stimulant). They should be put into isolation. |
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Term
| How does a person feel when they take neulasta? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Blood cell cancer, a proliferation of immature cells. Malignant -effects blood forming tissues, bone marrow, lyph spleen, and is fatal is untreated. |
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Term
| AML (Acute Myelogenous Lukemia) |
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Definition
| in adults, 85% uncontrolled myeloblast. Adults have 15% survival rate, and children have a 95% survival rate. |
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Term
| CML (chronic myelogenous Lukemia) |
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Definition
| clonal stem cells..immature cells blast granulocytes. 60% success rate if in children, 25% if in adults. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemo radiation, bone marrow transplant, stem cell translation (Remission is the goal). |
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Term
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Definition
| Aggressive initial treatment of Leukemia...70% achieve remission |
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Term
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Definition
| Treatment of Leukemia using the same drug with higher dose given over several months. |
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Term
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Definition
| Leukemia thereof after remission 1-2 additional courses to keep leukemia away. |
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Term
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Definition
| After remission of leukemia, a low dose med every 3-4 weeks over years. |
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Term
| What are the nursing implementation's for a patient with Leukemia? |
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Definition
Be supportive of the patient in the sick role.
Compliance
infection protection (neutropenia)
Expert blood draws/IV starts
absolute caring
nutrition |
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Term
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Definition
| Makes up about 11% of all lymphomas. It is a malignant condition characterized by proliferation of abnormal giant, multinucleated cells, called Reed-Sternberg cells, which are located in lymph nodes. Normal reticular fiber cells are destroyed. |
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Term
| What age is Hodgkins most common? |
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Definition
| 15-35 and above 50 years of age |
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Term
| What causes Hodgkins lymphoma? |
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Definition
| Epstein Barr genetic toxins |
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Term
| How is Hodgkin's diagnosed? |
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Definition
| Usually begins in cervical node 2/3rds spreads to the liver, alcohol ingestion causes pain at site. |
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Term
| What is the s&s of Hodgkin's? |
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Definition
| Weight loss, fatigue, fever, night sweats, chills, tachycardia hepatomegaly,, spleenomegly, Microcytic hypochromic anemia, Leukocytosis, increased platelets. |
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Term
| What is the location of stage I Hodgkin's? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the location of stage II Hodgkin's? |
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Definition
| Nodes and same side of diaphragm |
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Term
| What is the location of stage III Hodgkin's? |
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Definition
| Nodes on both sides of diaphragm |
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Term
| What is the location of stage IV Hodgkins? |
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Definition
| Nodes on both side of diaphragm plus other sites, lungs, liver, bone. |
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Term
|
Definition
| No specialized cells but resides in lymph system characterized by painless lymph node enlargement. Widely disseminated at the time of diagnosis. Same staging used, but prognosis is not as good. |
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Term
| What is the treatment for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma? |
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Definition
| Chemo and sometimes radiation, Rituxan, a monoclonal antibody against the CD antigen NHL. Rituxan causes Lysis and cell death once it bindes to cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Neoplastic plasma cells of B cells or T cells origin invade and destroy bone with a 2 year survival if untreated. |
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Term
| Is Multiple Myeloma more common in Men or Women? |
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Definition
| twice as common in men age 40 -70 and Africans more common than whites |
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Term
| What causes Multiple Myeloma? |
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Definition
| Unknown; however, it is possible that exposure to radiation, organic chemicals (benzene), metals, herbicides, and insecticides may play a role. Genetic factors and viral infection may also influence the risk of development. (HIV EBV) |
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Term
| How is multiple myeloma diagnosed? |
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Definition
| Lab test showing a production of abnormal and excessive IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE immunoglobins and IL-4,5,6. Cytokines causing bone destruction. MRI, PET and CT scans show distinct lytic areas of bone erosions; generalized thinning of bones; or fractures, especially in the vertebrae, ribs, pelvis, and bones of the thigh and upper arms. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pain throughout bones as tumors grow. hypocalcaemia fractures, nerve damage from bone collapse, Elevated serum calcium. |
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Term
| If a patient with Multiple myeloma had pain throughout their bones, what would the treatment be? |
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Definition
| gentle weight bearing to build new bone, chemo, and radiation to kill tumor. |
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Term
| If a patient with multiple myeloma had a hypocalcaemia fracture or nerve damage from bone collapse, what would the treatment be? |
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Definition
| Give Aredia to inhibit bone breakdown, give high load calcium to force new calcium into the bones. |
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Term
| If a patient with multiple myeloma had an elevated serum calcium, what would the treatment be? |
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Definition
| give Lasix and 1.5 - 2.0 liters fluid, allopurinol (uric acid) to prevent kidney shutdown. |
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