1 . What was established to produce nuclear bombs in the United States?

The Manhattan Project was established with the goal to produce nuclear bombs to affect the outcome of World War II.

What city did the US dropped the first atomic bomb on?

Hiroshima, Japan was the first city, in which the United States dropped an atomic bomb in war.

The Cold War was a term used to describe a period of rivalry between, which two countries?

The Cold War was a term used to describe a period of rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union, after World War II.

What command was created in 1946 to provide guardianship and control of all nuclear-capable bombers and Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (lCBMs)?

The Strategic Air Command was created to provide guardianship and control of all nuclear capable bombers and lCBMs

How long did the Cold War last?

In 1992 what two commands combined to form Air combat Command?

In 1992. Strategic Air Command, the command with primary responsibility for the nuclear mission, combined with Tactical Air Command to become Air Combat Command.

Deterrence is the prevention from action by fear of consequences. Deterrence is a state of mind brought about by the existence of a credible threat of unacceptable counteraction.

A fundamental purpose of the US nuclear arsenal is to deter an enemy's use of its nuclear arsenal or other weapons of mass destruction, often referred to as WMD.

The three factors of the deterrence formula are; capability, will, and perception.

Extended deterrence is the "nuclear umbrella" we provide to friendly and allied nations. This nuclear umbrella provides security and confidence to our allies. Simply stated, extended deterrence is about posturing to convince an enemy that they're unlikely to achieve political or military objectives by attacking the United States or one of her allies.

How will the extended deterrence philosophy bolster security commitments to US allies?

The extended deterrence philosophy will "bolster security commitments" to US allies, and aid nonproliferation objectives, by convincing these countries not to build their own nuclear weapons programs.

The Air Force Global Strike Command was created to ensure oversight of the nuclear mission of the Air Force, to restore our country's and our allies' faith in our ability to safeguard our nuclear assets, and to execute nuclear weapons with precision when called upon by our nation.

Which command does nuclear mission bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles now fall

under?

All nuclear mission bombers and ICBMs, are now under the guidance and leadership of one command, Global Strike Command.

What is a key element of the 20th Air Force ICBMs?

A key element of the 20th Air Force's ICBMs is that they're most responsive to national leadership, continuously on alert, and deployed in 450 widely dispersed locations.

What are nuclear mission weapons storage areas?

Weapons Storage Areas are heavily secured areas, inside the perimeter of a base and are the locations where nuclear weapons are stored and maintained.

Which nuclear mission area includes electronic monitoring and controls and weapons storage vaults built into the floor of a Protective Aircraft Shelter?

The Weapons Storage and Security System includes electronic monitoring and controls and weapons storage vaults built into the floor of a Protective Aircraft Shelter.

A Prime Nuclear Airlift Force is any aircrew, aircraft, flightline, or other function that provides peacetime support of logistical airlift for nuclear weapons.

The Launch Control Center is a deep underground structure of reinforced concrete and steel in a blast and pressure protected hardened capsule, of sufficient strength to withstand weapon effects.

Which nuclear mission area's underground location protects them against air blast effects?

What two countries have maintained nuclear triads for most of the nuclear age?

The United States and Russia have maintained nuclear triads for most of the nuclear age

Both the United States and the former Soviet Union composed their triads along the same lines, including the following three components: ICBMs, bombers, and submarine-launched ballistic missiles.

Describe the new nuclear triad.

The new triad is a mix of new strategic offensive and defensive capabilities. The mix of capabilities of the New Triad include nuclear and non-nuclear strike options, active and passive defenses and a robust research development, and industrial infrastructure to develop, build and maintain offensive forces and defensive systems.

How is nonnuclear and nuclear strike capabilities categorized?

The nonnuclear and nuclear strike capabilities are categorized as offensive capability.

What type of defense intercepts ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, and strike aircraft?

What type of defense protects against missile and air attack?

Passive defenses protect against missile and air attack, by means of concealment, hardening, redundancy, warning, dispersal, mobility, and other measures.

The President, working with the Secretary of Defense, may determine nuclear weapons are required to resolve a situation.

The President of the United States is the only person with the authority to order the use of nuclear weapons

The primary responsibility of the US Nuclear Weapons Program is to ensure all associated material, personnel, and procedures related to nuclear weapons are safe, secure, and under positive control.

Who is responsible for the components of nuclear surety?

The Department of Defense or DOD and Department of Energy through the National Nuclear Security Administration are responsible for the components of nuclear surety.

What document spells out the positive measures in the four specific nuclear surety standards that must be met?

Department of Defense (DOD) Directive 3150.2, Department of Defense Nuclear weapons,stem Safety Program, spells out these positive measures in the four specific nuclear surety standards that must be met.

The four qualitative standards are:

a. There shall be positive measures to prevent nuclear weapons involved in accidents, incidents, or jettisoned weapons, from producing a nuclear yield.

b. There shall be positive measures to prevent DELIBERATE pre-arming, arming, launching, or releasing of nuclear weapons, except upon execution of emergency war orders or when directed by competent authority.

c. There shall be positive measures to prevent INADVERTENT pre-arming, arming, launching, or releasing of nuclear weapons in all normal and credible abnormal environments.

d. There shall be positive measures to ensure adequate security of nuclear weapons.

Nuclear units must ensure security measures are in place to deter hostile acts.

Any areas that can be impacted when weapons and delivery systems show up, include, secure locations, additional security personnel, driving routes, local flying area restrictions, aircraft parking areas, and other day to-day operations; for example, dining facilities, lodging, and medical facilities. Any of these areas can impact you, so awareness must be part of your responsibilities.

Why does the Air Force employ positive measures?

The Air Force employs positive measures to ensure the reliability of its nuclear weapons systems and personnel to accomplish the mission.

The two elements of reliability are: weapons systems reliability that refers to the operational dependability of nuclear weapons and weapon systems under normal and abnormal environmental conditions, and individual reliability that encompasses the Personnel Reliability Program and the Two-Person Concept.

What are the two subcategories of weapon system reliability?

Nuclear weapons delivery systems and nuclear warhead reliability

What control of use element prevents or delays unauthorized use of nuclear weapons?

Use Control includes positive measures that allow authorized use, and prevent or delay unauthorized use, of nuclear weapons.

What control of use element is the exercise of authority and direction by the President?

Command and Control is the exercise of authority and direction by the President, as Commander-in-Chief, through established command lines, over military nuclear weapons operations.

One measure is avoidance where measures are incorporated to eliminate detection and attack. Another measure is defense active. This measure is related to radar jamming or missile defense systems. A third measure is deception used to mislead the enemy as to actual weapons locations. A fourth measure is called hardening which includes shielding or robust structural design for protecting nuclear assets. The final measure to present is threat effect tolerance. This measure is the ability for nuclear asset components to tolerate exposure from the environment and from attacks.

What is the nuclear weapons system survivability concerned with?

The nuclear weapons system survivability is concerned with the entire threat spectrum: conventional, electronic, nuclear, biological, chemical, terrorism, and sabotage.

The purpose of accountability in nuclear weapons is to ensure our nation's security, mitigate political consequences, secure the trust of our nation's citizens, maintain stockpile levels directed by the President, and ensure operational requirements are met.

What two concepts reduce the chances of other countries being able to accuse the US of allowing technology to be leaked or enabling a chain of events that could lead to nuclear accidents?

Accountability and vigilant guardianship reduce the chances of other countries being able to accuse the United States of allowing technology to be leaked or enabling a chain of events that could lead to nuclear accidents.

The Taiwan incident involved the shipment of what classified item?

The Taiwan incident could be construed as a violation of nuclear non-proliferation treaties.

Major contributing factors were present in this case, but they all are related to what?

Major contributing factors were present in this case, but they all are related to compliance and accountability.

 Six AGM-129 ACM cruise missiles, loaded with a W80-l variable yield warhead were mistakenly loaded on a B-52 at Minot and transported to what base?

Six AGM-129 ACM cruise missiles, loaded with a W80-l variable yield warhead were mistakenly loaded on a B-52 at Minot and transported to Barksdale AFB.

The evident lack of accountability and compliance of military and civilian affiliates jeopardized what five elements of nuclear surety?

The evident lack of accountability and compliance of military and civilian affiliates jeopardized all five elements of nuclear surety; safety, security, reliability, control of use, and survivability.

Nuclear proliferation is a term used to describe the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons-applicable nuclear materiel, technology, and information, to nations which aren't recognized as nuclear weapon states.

What was the intent of the dialogue between India and Pakistan?

The intent of the dialogue was to remove the tensions between them, and encouraged them to find mutually acceptable solutions that address the root causes of those tensions, including Kashmir.

Adversaries with no return address or adversaries whose reward is the after-life.