Term
History:
-Recorded long before ___ ___ available
-Components occur in succession between __ and __ msec after stimulus onset |
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Definition
| signal averaging; 50 and 250 |
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Term
Nomenclature:
-Proposed by ___, ___, and ___ in 1962
-Named according to negative and positive ___
-P1, N1, P2, and N2 |
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Definition
| Williams, Tepas, and Morlock; deflections |
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Term
P1:
-Assumed to be the same as Pb component of ___ ___
-Occurs at about __ msec |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs with latencies of about 100 msec |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs with latencies of about 180 msec |
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Term
N1-P2 Complex:
-Considered most ___ and ___ feature of ALR |
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Definition
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Term
| N2 becomes ___ ___ with sleep |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the P1 generators? |
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Definition
-primary auditory cortex, specifically Heschl’s gyrus
-may have thalamic and auditory association area contributions
-parietal lobes |
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Term
-Analysis time should extend for at least ___ msec after the stimulus
-Post analysis times of ___ to ___ are often used, and often include a prestimulus analysis time of 100 msec |
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Definition
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Term
Acquisition Filter Settings:
-Response mainly in the frequency region under ___ Hz
-Band pass filter settings of less than __ Hz to ___ Hz or ___ Hz typical |
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Definition
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Term
Acquisition Amplification:
-Amplification: ___; Less for larger responses
-Sensitivity: __ or __ microvolts. ___ sensitivity values are
equivalent to higher amplificaiton |
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Definition
| 50,000; 25 or 50; Smaller |
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Term
Acquisition Data Points:
-Typically less than or equal to ___ |
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Definition
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Term
4 Electrode Sites:
-Non-inverting electrode anywhere over the ___ portion of scalp; especially along the mid-line (___ or ___)
-Inverting on ___ or ___ ipsilateral to the stimulus or linked earlobes; non-cephalic site also appropriate (nape of neck)
-Other ocular electrodes are required for the detection of ___ ___ and rejection of averages contaminated by eye blinks
-Ground electrode can be located ___ on the body, but ___ forehead is commonly used (Fpz) |
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Definition
| frontal; Fz; Cz; mastoid; earlobe; eye blinks; anywhere; low |
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Term
| List 4 types of abnormal patterns which might be encountered |
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Definition
-Reductions in amplitude
-Prolongations in latency
-Polarity reversal
-Total absence of one of more components |
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Term
| N1 Neural Generators-multiple temporally overlapping, spatially distributed cortical sources including: ___ gyrus, planum temporale, ___ sources, cingulate gyrus, and auditory association areas in the ___ temporal and ___ lobes |
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Definition
| heschl's, frontocentral; lateral; parietal |
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Term
| Where is the P2 neural generator? |
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Definition
| vicinity of primary auditory cortex |
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Term
| Where are the N2 neural generators? |
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Definition
-frontal lobes
-limbic system
-Other obscure subcortical structures |
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Term
| List two types of stimulus used to elicit ALR |
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Definition
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Term
Tones:
-Rise fall times of greater than ___ msec
-Rise fall times over ___ msec and durations of hundreds of milliseconds can be used
-Amplitudes larger and latencies longer for ___ frequency tones
-Ideal response for ___ specific
-N1 latency varies with ___
-___ brain activity |
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Definition
| 10; 20; low; frequency; frequency; Symmetrical |
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Term
| What are some challenges with using tones? |
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Definition
-Response reliability
-Susceptible to subject stat |
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Term
Speech:
-Amplitude of the N1 P2 complex ___ for speech sounds than tonal sounds
-Latency values for the N1 and P2 are ___ for tonal versus speech
-N1 latency consistently about ___ msec for speech stimuli
-Larger response from ___ hemisphere
-What kind of speech stimuli can you use? |
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Definition
| larger; shorter (earlier); 120; left; natural vowels, synthetic vowels, syllables, and words |
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Term
Duration:
-Fixed rise fall time of ___ msec – no change in ___ or ___ (N1 and P1) as duration of plateau varied from 0-300 msec
-Brief rise fall time of __ msec, progressive reduction of the plateau time from 30 msec down to 0 msec produced ___ in amplitude
-Rise fall time between __ to ___ msec with a fixed plateau time, amplitude remained constant |
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Definition
| 30; latency; amplitude; 3; reduction; 50 to 300 |
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Term
Stimulus Intensity:
-Amplitude increased in essentially linear fashion as stimulus intensity ___
-Latency ___ over the same intensity range
-Amplitude increases tapered off above approximately ___ dB nHL
-ALRs recorded from midline are more dependent on ___ and the ___ of presentation than those for lateral scalp electrodes over the temporal lobe |
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Definition
| increased; decreased; 70; intensity; order |
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Term
Stimulus Rate and Interstimulus Interval:
-Response highly dependent on ___ ___
-Interstimulus interval is more accurate and straightforward way of describing ___ factor than number of stimuli presented per second
-Longer ISI produces larger amplitudes for ___ and ___ but has little effect on ___
-Relationship of ISI and amplitude is thought to be related to neuron ___ time; however, neuron ____ time does not fully explain the relationship. ___ is thought to play a part |
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Definition
| interstimulus interval (ISI); rate; N1; P2; latency; refractory; refractory; Memory |
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Term
Stimulus Repetition-Can be elicited with...
-Single stimulus at ___ intervals
-Single stimulus at ___ intervals
-Trains of stimuli followed by ___ (intertrain) intervals
-___ paradigm (frequent predictable stimuli in combination
-Has been used to study auditory short and long term ___ by using different stimuli with infrequent or rare stimuli) |
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Definition
| regular; irregular; longer; Oddball; habituation |
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Term
Stimulus Lateralization:
-Typically ___
-Contralateral signals can be added to look at affect of attention causes ___ in N1 to P2 wave complex |
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Definition
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Term
-Analysis time should extend for at least ___ msec after the stimulus
-Post analysis times of ___ to ___ are often used, and often include a prestimulus analysis time of ___ msec |
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Definition
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Term
Acquisition Filter Settings:
-Response mainly in the frequency region under ___ Hz
-Band pass filter settings of less than __ Hz to __ Hz or ___ Hz typical |
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Definition
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Term
-Amplification: ___ Less for larger responses
-Sensitivity: ___ or ___ microvolts. Smaller sensitivity values are
equivalent to ___ amplificaiton |
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Definition
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Term
| Typically less than or equal to ___ acquisition data points |
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Definition
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Term
Acquisition Electrode Sites:
-Non-inverting electrode anywhere over the frontal portion of ___; especially along the mid-line (___ or ___)
-Inverting on ___ or ___ ipsilateral to the stimulus or linked earlobes; non-cephalic site also appropriate (nape of neck)
-Other ocular electrodes are required for the detection of ___ ___ and rejection of averages contaminated by ___ ___
-Ground electrode can be located anywhere on the body, but ___ forehead is commonly used (Fpz) |
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Definition
| scalp; Fz; Cz; mastoid; earlobe; eye blinks; eye blinks; low |
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Term
Abnormal patterns
-___ in amplitude
-___ in latency
-Polarity ___
-Total ___ of one of more components |
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Definition
| Reductions; Prolongations; reversal; absence |
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Term
Subject Factor-Infancy and early childhood:
-Different waves mature at different ___
-___ appears first
-age __ to __ years, almost adult-like P2
-As child ages, latencies ___ and amplitude ___
-Children aged 3 to 10 years, N1 can only be recorded with ___ intervals of 1 second or longer |
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Definition
| rates; P1; 3 to 6; decrease; increases; interstimulus |
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Term
Subject Age-Elderly:
-Latency of N1 increases above age __ (and possibly earlier)
-May explain some of the ___ processing issues related to aging |
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Definition
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Term
-With both verbal and nonverbal stimuli, females produced higher amplitude responses from the ___ temporal lobe
-Males showed higher amplitude responses than females when recorded from the right temporal lobe |
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Definition
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Term
Subject Handedness:
-N1: No effect for ___. Latency ___ for left-handed versus right-handed subjects
-P2: Amplitude values were ___ for left-handed versus right handed. Latency was ___ ___ to handedness |
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Definition
| amplitude; shorter; smaller; not related |
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Term
During sleep:
-intensity needs to be raised __ to __ dB
-latency of response is ___
-amplitude of response ___ |
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Definition
| 20 to 30; increased; variable |
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Term
Subject Attention:
-Effects amplitude of ___ and ___ waves
-N1 wave ___ in amplitude when attention is increased
-P2 tends to ___ in amplitude with increase in attention |
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Definition
| N1; P2; increases; decrease |
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Term
| List nine possible clinical applications of ALR |
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Definition
-Sensorineural hearing loss
-Auditory processing disorders and learning disabilities
-Down syndrome
-Epilepsy
-Depression
-Head injury
-Infant Assessment
-Schizophrenia
-Tinnitus and Hyperacusis |
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Term
Application Sensorineural Hearing Loss:
-A study by Tremblay, Piskosz and Souza (2003) indicated that latency changes were more associated with ___ of subject than with degree of sensorineural hearing loss |
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Definition
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Term
Application APD and Learning Disability:
-Purdy, Kelly, and Davies (2002): 10 children diagnosed by psychologist with learning disability and possible APD. ___ differences between groups for SSW and competing words subtest. ___ latency P1 and ___ amplitude N1 for the APD group
-Warrier et al (2004): 80 children with LD and 32 children without. Showed ___ deficits in response which resolved after auditory training |
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Definition
| Significant; Shorter; smaller; timing |
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Term
Application Down Syndrome:
-Studies from the 1960s reported ___ amplitudes for ALR waves
-In Down syndrome subjects latency significantly delayed for ___, ___, and ___ |
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Definition
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Term
Application Epilepsy:
-No decrease in the ___ wave amplitude
-No change in ___
-Reliability ___ (less than half of subjects had present response)
-Some studies were completed using ____ ___ electrodes |
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Definition
| N1; latency; poor; surgically implanted |
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Term
Application Depression:
-___ intensity dependent response (steeply sloping amplitude-intensity function) associated with depression and other serotonin related disorders |
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Definition
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Term
Application Head Injury:
-For attentive paradigm, ___ ___ noted in N1 and P2
-For passive paradigm, N1 in control always observed and P2 observed 83% of time; In TBI group N1 and P2 ___ and amplitudes ___ |
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Definition
| no differences; delayed; smaller |
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Term
Application Infant-Prematurity:
-At 40 weeks gestational age, amplitude and latency were equivalent to full term infants, but ___ was poor
-Post natal age of 3 months, amplitude of response for premature infants was significantly ___ |
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Definition
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Term
Application Schizophrenia-Compared those with auditory hallucinations to those without:
-EEG changes ___ noted
-Activation of left ___ lobe in auditory areas during auditory hallucinations
-Abnormalities in N1, amplitude ___ |
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Definition
| were; temporal; decreased |
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Term
Application Tinnitus and Hyperacusis:
-Tinnitus patients showed steeper intensity/amplitude function at ___ Hz than control
-Tinnitus patients showed less intensity dependence at ___ Hz than control
-At 1000 Hz intensity/amplitude functions were ___ between groups |
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Definition
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