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Egyptian Hieroglyphics -> Proto sinaitic -> Proto Canaanite -> Phoenician -> Aramaic -> Brahmi -> Gupta -> Nagari/Devanagari
Phoenician -> Greek -> Glagolitic -> Early Cyrillic -> Cyrillic
Aramaic-> Square Hebrew -> Modern Hebrew
Aramaic -> Nabataean -> Arabic |
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-written left to right
-horizontal line across tops of letters
-originated 1200 AD from Gupta, used for Sanskrit (language of India)
-is an abugida (each letter represents consonant, vowels notation is obligatory) |
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-written left to right
-originated from Aramaic 5th century BC
-sanskritic concept of phonetics (stop consonants)
-is an abugida |
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-oldest known Slavic alphabet
-helped translate bible
-originated 800 AD from Greek
-many letters derived from cursive Greek and Hebrew alphabets |
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-Russian alphabet
-originated from glagolitic
-originated 940 AD
-based on Greek uncial script and Latin alphabet |
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originated 2nd century BC from Aramaic
-northern region Arabian peninsula
-looks Hebrew
-is an abjad |
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spread with Syrian and Persian empires
-is an abjad
-originated 900 BC from Phoenician
-led to nearly all modern Indian and Middle Eastern writing systems
-developed Hebrew, Nabataean, and Brahmi
-mater lectionis |
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Early Hebrew: closely related to Phoenician, used before Babylonian exile, 6th century BC
Square Hebrew: written right to left, originated 3rd century BC from Aramaic, matres lectionis, is an abjad, developed into modern Hebrew |
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originated from Greek 800 BC
-had p t k sounds but no b d g
-Latin superseded Etruscan completely
-used 3 letters for same ‘k’ sound (gamma, kappa, qoppa) |
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first true alphabet (separate symbol for each vowel and consonant)
-emerged after fall of mycenaean civilization
-originated 800 BC from Phoenician
-West Greek alphabet ancestral to English alphabet
-East Greek alphabet led to modern Greek |
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-spoke in Carthage
-later stage of Phoenician
-difficult to interpret/hard to read
-took consonant symbols for w and y and equaled long vowels of u and i |
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originated 1050 BC from Proto Canaanite
-is an abjad
-led to Greek which modified script to represent vowel phonemes as well |
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-is an abjad
-originated from Proto Sinaitic 1400BC (-1050BC)
-descendant from Egyption hieroglyphs |
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-1500 BC
-true cuneiform alphabet
-important for Old Testament scholars
-is an abjad |
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-originated 1700-1400 BC from hieroglyphs
-similarities to hieratic but applied semitic values |
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| Wadi el-Hol inscriptions date |
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| Proto-Sinaitic alphabet date |
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| Proto-Canaanite alphabet date |
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-created by Sumerians about 3200 BC
-logographic and syllabic
-began as system of pictographs
-over time the pictorial representations became more simplified and abstract |
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-3100 BC
-logographic and alphabetic elements
-Egypt, used cursive hieroglyphs for religious literature on papyrus
-less formal variations called hieratic and demotic aren’t technically hieroglyph |
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| The history of the letters that became vowel letters from Phoenician into Greek |
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| - essentially the same for all of them: they represented consonants in Phoenician, normally consonants that the Greekds didn’t have; the Greeks used them instead for the vowel sound that came after the consonant sound in the original Phoenican letter-name, |
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| Greeks used A to represent the a of ‘aleph rather than the glottal stop at the beginning (symbol originally looked more like an Ox) |
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| Called he in early Semitic alphabets; was used to represent h; Greeks used the letter instead to rpresent the first vowel sound of he, name e. Theirname for it originally was just e, later exteneded to epsilon (plain e) |
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| Picture of hand; in early Semitic alphabets called yod; was used to represent y, the initial consonant sound of yod. Also go used as a so-called mater lectionis to represent the closely related vowel sound that most European languages write with I and the English does also in a few words (like ravine, petite) Greekds didn’t have this y sound in their language, but they had the vowel sound I that youd also represented, and toot he letter over in that faction. They called it iota, a word adapted from the Phoenican yod. |
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| Picture of an eye; in ealy Semtic alphabets called ‘ayin was used to represent a guttural consonant deep in the throat ‘ , Greeks didn’t have the futtural sound ‘ in their language, but the vowel following it in the word ‘ayin sounded like an o to them, so they picked this letter up to represent the sound o. Called it o at first, later extended to o mirkon (small o) |
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| picture of a hook, in early Semitic alphabets called waw; was used to rpresent w, the intial consontatn sound fo the word waw. Also got used as a mater lectionis to represent the closely related vowel sound u.West Greeks had sound w, but East Greeks didn’t. All of themhad the vowel sound u. So all of them made use of this letter to write that vowel sound; in this capacity it became the letter u pisilon (plain U). Those greek that had w borrowed the letter as well in a slightly different shape to represent w; this is the ultimate source of our letter F. |
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| picture of fence. Early Semtic alphabets called heth; was used to represent h, and h-like sound produced far back in throat; Western Greeks had an h and they heard the Phoenican h as their h and tok this letter over as ehta, using it for h. Eastern Greeks didn’t have an h and took it over to represent their long e and called it eta. |
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| used to represent hard g the intial consont sound of gimel. Greek too this over inte h same fuctnio and borrowed the Phoenician name for the leter as gamma. Ultimate source of English C an G |
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| C goes back to gamma in Greek, that the Etruscans used it for the sound k since they didn’t have to sound g, that the Romans got the letter from the Etruscans with its Etruscan sound value, and later invented G by adding a stroke to C in order to represent the sound g they had. G got put in the place of the old Z, which the Romans at first just dispensed with |
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| Phonecian had K like sound that only a few Greeks adopted qoppa (used interchangeably), Etruscan’s used qoppa for K, qoppa only used when followed by u, Romans copied that |
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| F was present in Western greek and made w sound -> Etruscans picked up symbol to make F+h sound represented by F -> Romans then dropped the letter for their sound F |
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| Greeks had Z -> Etruscans used Z for (ts) sound -> Romans dropped it, but later added it back at end of alphabet |
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| Western Greek used it for Heta and it went to Rome that way. East Greek used it for Eta |
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| Developed from last stroke in counting with Roman Numerals IIIIJ 1524, last of 26 letters |
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| - Etruscan’s took Y letter from Greek, took out bar to make it V for the u sound. Romans borrowed that it also made it make a w sound |
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| the earliest form of the letter W was a doubled V used in the 7th century by the earliest writers of Old English; it is from this digraph that the modern name "double U" comes. This digraph was not extensively used, as its sound was usually represented instead by the runic wynn (Ƿ), |
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| - Greek to Etruscan to Latin??? (maybe greek to latin?) |
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• Related languages
• Onomatopeotic words
• Words that are still around
• Borrowed Words
• Spelling
• Letter shapes
• Poetry |
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