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ALL SAFMEDS
Safmeds
264
Other
Graduate
01/08/2016

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Term
time out ribbon
Definition
child wears a ribbon or wristband that becomes discriminative for receiving reinforcement. contingent on misbehavior, the ribbon is removed and access to social and other reinforcers are unavailable for a specific period. when time-out ends, the ribbon or band is returned to the child and time-in begins
Term
reprimand
Definition
a positive punishment procedure that involves delivering verbal scold immediately following the occurrence of a problem behavior
Term
behavior change tactic
Definition
research-based, technologically consistent method for changing behavior that possesses sufficient generality across subjects, settings, and/or behaviors
Term
description
Definition
collection of facts about observed events that can be examined to find relations
Term
conditioned response
Definition
a response to a previously neutral stimulus
Term
side effects of punishment
Definition
emotional/aggressive reactions, escape and avoidance, behavioral contrast, undesirable modelling, punishment reinforcing the punisher
Term
unconditioned punisher
Definition
a stimulus change that decreases the frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organisms learning history with the stimulus
Term
differential reinforcement
Definition
reinforcing one response class and withholding reinforcement for another
Term
extinction procedure
Definition
as a procedure occurs when reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior is discontinued, zero probability of reinforcement.
Term
extinction (operant)
Definition
the weakening and eventual disappearance of a response because it is no longer reinforced
Term
extinction burst
Definition
effect of extinction procedure - an immediate increase in frequency of response after the removal of reinforcement
Term
spontaneous recovery
Definition
A behavioral effect associated with extinction in which the behavior suddenly begins to occur after its frequency has decreased to its prereinforcement level or stopped entirely.
Term
antecedent
Definition
environmental conditions or stimulus changes that exist or occur prior to the behavior of interest
Term
conditioned punisher
Definition
a previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with other punishers
Term
conditioned reinforcer
Definition
a stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior paring with one or more other reinforcers
Term
conditioned stimulus
Definition
a formerly neutral stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior only after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Term
habituation
Definition
gradually diminishing response strength
Term
reinforcement
Definition
Occurs when a stimulus change immediately follows a response and increases the future frequency of that type of behavior under similar conditions.
Term
response
Definition
A single instance or occurrence of a specific class or type of behavior
Term
reinforcer
Definition
A stimulus change that increases the future frequency of behavior that immediately precedes it.
Term
reactivity
Definition
Effects of an observation and measurement procedure on the behavior being measured if person is aware of observer's presence
Term
ratio strain
Definition
Abrupt increases in ratio when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules
Term
radical behaviorism
Definition
A form of behaviorism that attempts to understand all human behavior including private and public events- Skinner
Term
Premack principle
Definition
A principle that states that making the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behavior contingent on the occurrence of a low-frequency behavior will function as reinforcement for the low-frequency behavior.
Term
partial interval recording
Definition
Time sampling method in which observation period is divided into brief time intervals, observer records whether the behavior occurs at any time during the interval
Term
unconditioned stimulus
Definition
a stimulus change that elicits respondent behavior without any prior learning
Term
Skinner
Definition
founded radical behaviorism and experimental analysis of behavior
Term
duration
Definition
a measure of total extent of time in which a behavior occurs
Term
response topography
Definition
the physical form or shape of a behavior
Term
Thorndike
Definition
puzzle box experiment--> the law of effect- any behavior that is followed by a desired consequence is likely to be repeated and any behavior followed by an undesired consequence is likely to decrease/cease (operant conditioning)
Term
negative reinforcer
Definition
a stimulus whose termination functions as reinforcement
Term
neutral stimulus (NS)
Definition
a stimulus change that does not elicit respondent behavior
Term
positive reinforcer
Definition
a stimulus whose presentation or onset functions as reinforcement
Term
functional behavior assessment (FBA)
Definition
systematic method for obtaining information about the function(s) a problem behavior serves for a person-- results are used to guide design of an intervention to decrease problem behavior
Term
scatterplot
Definition
a 2 dimensional graph that records times a behavior occurred; used for interval recording to identify temporal relations
Term
functional analysis screening tool (FAST)
Definition
indirect functional assessment method that is comprised of a self-report checklist designed to identify what is maintaining problem behavior
Term
Vineland II
Definition

Rating scale interview used to determine a persons adaptive behavior levels. Compare performance to peers/ were they should be age-wise

Term
functional analysis
Definition
analysis of functions of problem behavior where antecedents and consequences are manipulated and arranged to evaluated their seperate effects on problem behavior-- 4 conditions: contingent attention/escape/alone (sensory) and a control condition where reinforcement is freely available with no demands
Term
functional analysis interview (FAI)
Definition
structured interview with 11 sections designed to identify quickly potential functions for maladaptive behaviors (includes description of behavior, setting events, etc.) for interviewer
Term
conditional probability
Definition
likelihood that a target behavior will occur in a given circumstance
Term
hypothesis
Definition
prediction about the outcome of an experiment
Term
whole interval recording
Definition
time sampling method for measuring behavior in which the observation period is divided into a series of brief time intervals and at the end of the interval, the observer records whether the target behavior occurred throughout the entire interval
Term
antecedent vs. consequence
Definition

Antecedent: stimuli  that occur prior to the response/behavior

 

Consequence: stimuli that occurs after the response/ behavior

Term
motivational assessment scale (MAS)
Definition
indirect assessment method including a 16 item questionnaire that's purpose is to identify the function of a problem behavior based on the conditions occassioning problem behavior
Term
echoic
Definition
elementary verbal operant involving a response evoked by a verbal SD that has point-to-point correspondence and formal similarity
Term
point-to-point correspondence
Definition
a relation between the stimulus and response that occurs when the beginning, middle, and end of the verbal stimulus matches the beginning, middle, and end of the verbal response (echoic, copying a text, imitation, textual, transcription)
Term
interobserver agreement (IOA)
Definition
degree to which two or more independent observers report the same observed values after measures the same events--reports on student behavior
Term
tact
Definition
an elementary verbal operant evoked by a nonverbal discriminitive stimulus and followed by generalized conditioned reinforcement
Term
stimulus
Definition
an energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells
Term
reliability
Definition
consistency of measurement
Term
valence
Definition

Degree to which a behavior is appropriate in a given situation

Term
mand
Definition
an elementary verbal operant that is evoked by an MO and followed by specific reinforcement
Term
behavioral cusp
Definition
a behavior that has sudden and dramatic consequences that extend beyond the idiosyncratic change itself because it exposes the person to new environments, reinforcers, contingencies, responses, and stimulus controls
Term
validity
Definition
directly measures a socially significant behavior to measure a dimension of the behavior directly relevant to the target behavior of interest and the reason for measuring it
Term
variability
Definition
the frequency and extent to which multiple measures of behavior yield different outcomes
Term
terminal behavior
Definition
the end product of shaping
Term
three-term contingency
Definition
basic unit of analysis in operant behavior-- encompasses temporal and dependent relations among antecedent, behavior, and consequence
Term
treatment drift
Definition
an undesirable situation in which the independent variable of an experiment is applied differently during later stages than it was at the outset of the study
Term
variable ratio schedule
Definition
requires a varying number of responses for reinforcement
Term
variable-time schedule (VT)
Definition
schedule for delivery of noncontingent stimuli in which the interval of time from one delivery to the next randomly varies around a given time
Term
variable-momentary DRO (VM-DRO)
Definition
reinforcement is available at specific moments of time (seperated by variable amounts of time in random sequence) and delivered if the problem behavior is not occurring at those times
Term
variable-interval DRO (VI-DRO)
Definition
reinforcement is available at the end of intervals of variable duration and delivered contingent on the absence of the problem behavior during the interval
Term
reveral design (ABAB design)
Definition
experimental design in which researchers attempt to verify the effects of the independent variable and identify functional relations--treatment is withdrawn and applied to another behavior, typically one that is incompatible with the target behavior
Term
withdrawal (ABA design)
Definition
experimental design to show relationship between target behavior and intervention-- no functional relations can be established because there is no replication
Term
intermittent schedule of reinforcement
Definition
contingency of reinofrcement in which some, but not all, occurrences of the behavior produce reinforcement-- most powerful contingency
Term
irreversibility
Definition
situation that occurs when the level of responding observed in a previous phase cannot be reproduced
Term
habituation
Definition
decrease in responsiveness to repeated presentations of a stimulus
Term
hallway time-out
Definition
contingent of an inappropriate behavior, the student is removed from the classroom to a hallways location near the room for a specificed period of time
Term
hallway time-out
Definition
contingent of an inappropriate behavior, the student is removed from the classroom to a hallways location near the room for a specificed period of time
Term
frequency
Definition
ratio of count per observation time
Term
free operant
Definition
any operant behavior that results in minimal displacement of the participant in time and space- can be emitted at nearly any time
Term
fixed-time (FT) schedule
Definition
schedule for the delivery of noncontingent stimuli in which a time interval remains the same from one delivery to the next
Term
fixed-ratio (FR) schedule
Definition
requires a fixed number of responses for reinforcement
Term
fixed-momentary DRO (FM-DRO)
Definition
reinforcement is available at specific moments of times seperated by a fixed amount of time and delivered contingent on the problem behavior not occurring at those moments
Term
fixed-interval DRO (FI-DRO)
Definition
reinforcement is available at the end of intervals of fixed duration and delivered contingent on the absence of problem behavior during each interval
Term
fading
Definition
procedure for transferring stimulus control in which features of an antecedent stimulus controlling a behavior are gradually changed to a new stimulus (can be faded in-enhanced or faded out-reduced)
Term
external validity
Definition
degree to which a study's findings have generality to other subjects, settings, and/or behaviors
Term
discriminitive stimulus
Definition
stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type have not been reinforced
Term
differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO)
Definition
procedure for decreasing problem behavior in which reinforcement is contingent on the absence of the problem behavior during or at specific times
Term
differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL)
Definition
to decrease rates of behavior that occur too frequently but should be maintained in the learner's repertore- reinforcement follows each occurrence of the target behavior that's seperate from the previous response by a minimum IRT or when the # of responses doesn't exceed a pre-determined criterion within a time period
Term
differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI)
Definition
reinforcement is delivered for a behavior that is topographically incompatible with the behavior targetted for reductive and withheld following instances of the problem behavior
Term
differential reinforcement of high rates (DRH)
Definition
used to increase a desirable behavior-- reinforcement provided at the end of a predetermined interval contingent on the number of responses emitted being greater than a gradually increasing criterion
Term
differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA)
Definition
reinforcement delivered for a behavior that served as a desirable alternative to the problem behavior and withheld following instances of the problem behavior
Term
effective programming features
Definition
instructions and prompts
frequent active responding
immediate feedback
Term
competency based training features
Definition
pre and post assessment
verbal and nonverbal training
behavioral objectives
performance criteria
Term
stretching the ratio
Definition
increasing the number of responses per reinforcer as fast as the organism's behavior allows
Term
inter-observer agreement reports on ______ behavior
Definition
student
Term
procedural integrity reports on _________ behavior
Definition
teacher
Term
procedural integrity
Definition
the extent to which a program or teaching procedure is implemented as described
Term
why teachers fail
Definition
aversive control
telling and showing
getting attention
making material easy to remember
teacher as a midwife
idols of the school
Term
priming and prompting
Definition
two methods of evoking responses
Term
precurrent behaviors
Definition
behavior which produce discriminative stimuli for other behaviors
Term
teaching machine and programmed instruction
Definition
two products of EAB
Term
pedagogy
Definition
the art or science of teaching
Term
PSI Features (Fox)
Definition
flexible pacing
unit mastery
on-demand course content
immediate feedback
peer tutoring
Term
PSI Features (Keller)
Definition
self-pacing
unit mastery
lectures for motivation
emphasis on the written word
use of proctors
Term
PSI
Definition
a method of instruction focusing on mastery learning that allows students to progress through materials at their own pace
Term
PSI founders
Definition
Keller, Sherman, Azzi, and Borri
Term
PSI acronym
Definition
personalized system of instruction
Term
teaching machine features
Definition
compose own responses
sequenced instruction
Term
teaching machine benefits
Definition
immediate feedback
self-pacing
simultaneous use
Term
teaching machine
Definition
an automatic or self-controlling device that presents a unit of information, provided a means for a learner to respond, and provides immediate feedback on the accuracy of the response
Term
CAPSI acronym
Definition
computer-aided personalized system of instruction
Term
CAPSI founder
Definition
Joseph Pear
Term
interteaching
Definition
an instructional method in which students are involved in the teaching process
Term
interteaching founders
Definition
Boyce and Hineline
Term
programmed instruction features
Definition
behavioral objectives
reinforcement
activity rate (high and relevant)
successive approximations
mastery progression
Term
programmed instruction founders
Definition
Vargas and Vargas
Term
CABAS
Definition
private schools applying behavior analytic techniques to all aspects of instruction and administration
Term
CABAS founder
Definition
Doug Greer
Term
CABAS acronym
Definition
comprehensive application of behavior analysis to schools
Term
effective instruction principles
Definition
behavioral objectives
modelling
active responding
immediate feedback
self-pacing
mastery progression
reinforcement
direct assessment
data-based decisions
Term
effective instruction outcomes
Definition
fluency
maintenance
generalization
working independently
Term
effective instruction steps
Definition
determine terminal objective
arrange contingencies of reinforcement
evoke the behavior
program for complex behavior
sequence responses
stretch the ratio
Term
effective instruction
Definition
faster than learning on their own or with less effective instruction
Term
effective instruction
Definition
instruction that enables students to demonstrate, maintain, and generalize competency on pre-specified learning outcomes faster than they would on their own or with less effective instruction
Term
evidence-based education
Definition
integration of professional wisdom with the best available empirical evidence in making decisions about how to deliver instruction
Term
NCLB year
Definition
2001
Term
NCLB
Definition
American act stating pedagogical practices must produce measurable effects on learning
Term
NCLB acronym
Definition
no child left behind
Term
composite skills
Definition
advanced skills that demonstrate mastery
Term
component skills
Definition
intermediate skills that serve as building blocks
Term
tool skills
Definition
basic skills that form a foundation
Term
PFT most effective method
Definition
Capital DI
Term
PFT consequences for education
Definition
ignored
Term
PFT outcomes assessed
Definition
basic skills
cognitive skills
affective outcomes
Term
Project Follow Through
Definition
Found Direct Instruction has the most positive outcomes compared to 8 other methods
Term
Project Follow Through
Definition
a massive direct research project focusing on the effectiveness of nine educational methods
Term
features of di
Definition
clear goals
sufficient and continuous and instructional time
extensive content coverage
monitored student performance
low cognitive level questions
immediate feedback
Term
features of DI
Definition
scripted lessons
homogeneous grouping
placement testing
mastery progression
choral responding
modeling
signaling
reinforcement
error correction
Term
direct instruction (di) founders
Definition
Rosenshine & Berliner
Term
lowercase-di
Definition
teaching variables related to academic achievement
Term
Direct Instruction (DI) founders
Definition
Engelmann & Becker
Term
Capital- DI
Definition
commercially available curricular program
Term
SAFMEDS
Definition
a method of instruction in which students attain fluency by responding for one-minute every day
Term
generative instruction
Definition
the emergence of complex behavioral repertoires without explicit instruction following the establishment of component skills
Term
generative instruction
Definition
selected components of complex skills that are taught to fluency such that learners generate other components without specific instruction
Term
SCC minimum score per timing
Definition
record floor
Term
SCC maximum score per timing
Definition
record ceiling
Term
SCC instructional goals
Definition
aim stars
Term
learning pictures
Definition
patterns in SCC data upon which instructional changes are based
Term
bounce
Definition
a measure of behavioral variability
Term
SCC scale
Definition
semi-logarithmic
Term
SCC maximum frequency
Definition
1,000 per minute
Term
SCC minimum frequency
Definition
1 per 24 hours
Term
SCC behavior span
Definition
6 cycle
Term
SCC time span
Definition
20 weeks/1 school semester
Term
SCC x-axis
Definition
time
Term
SCC y-axis
Definition
frequency
Term
SCC paper quality
Definition
highly durable
Term
SCC ink color
Definition
light blue
Term
34 degrees
Definition
doubling of frequency every celebration period angle
Term
x2
Definition
doubling of frequency every celebration period multiplier
Term
free-operant
Definition
responses that may be emitted at any time and are not controlled by the experimenter
Term
fluent
Definition
a performance that is smooth, accurate, sufficiently rapid and does not decay in distracting or novel situations
Term
celeration
Definition
a linear measure of behavior change across time
Term
SCC founders
Definition
Lindsley, Haughton, Houston, & Brennan
Term
SCC acronym
Definition
Standard Celeration Chart
Term
REAPS
Definition
retention, endurance, stability, application (PT)
Term
PT tests for fluency
Definition
REAPS
Term
SARGE
Definition
stable, applied, retained, generalizes, endures
Term
PT descriptions of fluency
Definition
SARGE
Term
PRICE
Definition
pinpoint, record, intervene, chart, evaluate
Term
PT steps motto
Definition
PRICE
Term
PT aims at which fluency outcomes occur
Definition
performance standards
Term
precision teaching
Definition
a measurement or decision support system that allows teachers to understand their effects on students
Term
precision teaching
Definition
a method for learning or practicing skills until they are fluent or automatic
Term
Precision Teaching (PT) founder
Definition
Ogden Lindsley
Term
functional relation
Definition
examined to see if changed occur when the independent variable that is manipulated is dependent on or a function of the independent variable
Term
informed consent
Definition
written document, meets criteria for information, capacity, and voluntary
Term
cover behavior
Definition
behavior that cannot be observed by anyone other than the person performing it
Term
analogue setting
Definition
attempt to recreate real life situation/setting in the lab-- non-normal
Term
ecobehavioral/multidimensional assessment
Definition
philosophical approach to using a multidimensional assessment that assumes that a variety of historical and current biological and environment events interact to produce current behavior
Term
rating scale
Definition
indirect form of assessment that measures the degree to which the symptoms or characteristic is perceived to be present
Term
systematic manipulation
Definition
purposeful manipulation of the antecedent/consequent variables to determine effects on behavior
Term
pacers
Definition
paraphrasing, attending, clarifying, eliciting, reflecting, summarizing
Term
mandated reporter
Definition
individuals required by law to report suspicions of abuse, threat of violence to others, suspicions of threat to self
Term
postreinforcement pause
Definition
the absence of responding for a period of time following reinforcement
Term
momentary time sampling
Definition
data sampling procedure where time is broken up into intervals and observer records whether or not target behavior was occurring at the end of the interval
Term
overcorrection
Definition
a behavior change tactic based on positive punishment in which contingent on problem behavior learner is required to engage in fixing damage caused by behavior (sometimes to a better state or multiple times)
Term
withdrawal of a specific positive reinforcer ex.
Definition
turning off child's favorite TV show contingent on thumb sucking occurring
Term
response
Definition
a specific instance of behavior
Term
applied behavior analysis
Definition
science that aims to discover functional relations and use them to improve socially significant behavior
Term
checklist
Definition
indirect form of assessment that measures whether or not symptoms are perceived to be present
Term
reflex
Definition
an unconditioned response
Term
negative punisher
Definition
removal of a stimulus that decreases the future probability of that response
Term
latency
Definition
time it takes for behavior to occur after the stimulus is presented
Term
applied
Definition
investigates socially significant behaviors with immediate importance to the participant
Term
hypothetical construct
Definition
presumed but unobserved entities that could not be manipulated in an experiment
Term
generality
Definition
behavior lasts across time and spreads across environments
Term
magnitude
Definition
intensity with which a response is emitted
Term
operant behavior
Definition
behavior whose future frequency is determined by its history of consequences
Term
experimental analysis of behavior
Definition
basic research with goal of discovering fundamental principles of behavior
Term
stimulus discrimination training
Definition
responses are reinforced in the presence of one stimulus but not in the presence of the other stimulus
Term
extinction burst
Definition
an increase in the frequency of responding when an extinction procedure is initially implemented
Term
respondent conditioning
Definition
a ND is paired with a US so it eventually elicits the UR and becomes a CS and a CR
Term
science
Definition
a systematic approach to the understand of natural phenomena
Term
inter-response time
Definition
the elapsed time between each response
Term
generalized conditioned punisher
Definition
a stimulus change that as a result of being paired with many other punishers functions as a punishment under most conditions
Term
contingent exercise
Definition
an intervention related to positive punishment in which the person is required to perform a response that is not topographically related to the problem behavior
Term
recovery from punishment
Definition
the occurrence of a previously punished behavior without its punishment consequence
Term
escape extinction
Definition
behaviors maintained by negative reinforcement are placed on extinction when those behaviors do not produce a removal of an aversive stimulus
Term
contingent electric stimulation
Definition
a form of positive punishment in which there is presentation of a brief electrical stimulus immediately following occurrence of problem behavior
Term
temporal locus
Definition
every instance of behavior occurs at a certain point in time with respect to other events
Term
immediacy of reinforcement
Definition
critical that the consequence is delivered immediately following the target response
Term
resistance to extinction
Definition
continued responding during an extinction procedure
Term
positive practice overcorrection
Definition
a form of overcorrection in which contingent on an occurrence of the target behavior the learner is required to repeat a correct form of the behavior a certain number of times
Term
contingent observation
Definition
a type of time-out procedure where a person is repositioned within an existing setting so that the individual can see activities but access to reinforcement is lose
Term
principle of behavior
Definition
describes a functional relation between behavior and one or more controlling variable
Term
conditioned punisher
Definition
a previously neutral stimulus (NS) change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one or more other punishers
Term
automatic (sensory) reinforcement
Definition
reinforcement that occurs independent of another person delivering it
Term
time-out
Definition
the withdrawal of the opportunity to earn positive reinforcement or access to positive reinforcers for a specified time contingent on the occurrence of behavior
Term
shaping
Definition
differentially reinforcing successive approximations that results in terminal behavior
Term
non-exclusion time-out
Definition
the participant is not removed physically from the time-in setting but does not receive reinforcement (time-out ribbon, contingent observation)
Term
extinction with behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement
Definition
placed on extinction by masking or removing sensory consequence (sensory extinction)
Term
negative reinforcement
Definition
when a response is followed immediately by the removal of an aversive stimulus and causes the response to therefore occur more frequently in the future
Term
rate
Definition
frequency of responses divided by time
Term
prediction
Definition
a statement on the likelihood that when one event occurs another will or will not occur
Term
control
Definition
highest level of scientific understanding where functional relations can be derived
Term
cumulative record
Definition
graph that y axis is the cumulatie number of responses and the x axis is time
Term
explanatory fiction
Definition
a fictitious or hypothetical variable that often takes the form of another name for the observed phenomenon it claims to explain and contributes nothing to a functional account or understanding of the phenomenon
Term
mentalism
Definition
an approach to explaining behavior that assumes that a mental, or "inner," dimension exists that differs from a behavioral dimension and that phenomena in this dimension mediate behavior
Term
methodological behaviorism
Definition
a philosophical position that views behavioral events that cannot be publicly observed as outside the realm of science
Term
parsimony
Definition
the practice of ruling out simple, logical explanations before considering more complex or abstract explanations
Term
philosophic doubt
Definition
an attitude that the truthfulness and validity of all scientific theory and knowledge should be continually questioned
Term
experiment
Definition
a carefully controlled comparison of some measure of the phonomenon of interest under two or more different conditions
Term
empiricism
Definition
the objective observation of the phenomena of interest
Term
determinism
Definition
the assumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which phenomena occur in relation to other events and not in a will-nilly, accidental fashion
Term
replication
Definition
repeating conditions within an experiment to determine reliability and increase internal validity (step 3 of baseline logic-- needed to find functional relation), or repeating whole experiments to determine the generality of findings
Term
3 levels of scientific understanding
Definition
description, prediction, control
Term
6 attitudes of science
Definition
determinism
empiricism
experimentation
replication
parsimony
philosophic doubt
Term
7 characteristics of applied behavior analysis
Definition
applied
behavioral
analytic
technological
conceptually systematic
effective
generality
Term
three dimensional quantities of behavior from which all behavioral measurements are derived
Definition
repeatability, temporal extent, temporal locus
Term
repeatability
Definition
behavior can occur repeatedly through time (i.e. behavior can be counted)
Term
internal validity
Definition
extent to which an experiement convincingly shows that changes in behavior are a function of IV and not confounding variables
Term
A-B design
Definition
2 phase experimental design consisting of baseline condition (A) and a treatment condition (B)
Term
alternating treatments design
Definition
2 or more conditions presented in rapidly alternating succession (alternates sessions/days) independent of the level of responding-- differences in responding among conditions attributed to the effects of the conditions
Term
other names for alternating treatments design
Definition
concurrent schedule design, multielement design, multiple schedule design
Term
aversive stimulus
Definition
unpleasant or noxious stimulus
Term
automatic punishment
Definition
occurs independent of social environment or social mediation of others
Term
backward chaining
Definition
trainer completes all but the last behavior in a chain, which is performed by the learner and then receives reinforcement for completing chain. once learner shows competence in performing last step, trainer performs all but last two behaviors in the chain and the learner emits the final 2 steps to complete chain and then recieves reinforcement
Term
forward chaining
Definition
begins with learner being prompted and taught to perform first behavior in TA, trainer completes remaining steps in chain. once learner shows competence in first step, he is taught to perform first two steps and so on
Term
task analysis
Definition
process of breaking a complex skill or series of behaviors in smaller, teachable units
Term
behavior chain
Definition
sequence of responsess where each response produces a stimulus change that functions as conditioned reinforccement for that response and an SD for the next response in that chain
Term
functional communication training (FCT)
Definition
antecedent intervention in which appropriate communicative behavior is taught as replacement for behavior behavior usually evoked by an EO-- involves DRA
Term
establishing operation (EO)
Definition
motivating operation that increases effectiveness of some stimulus as a reinforcer (ex. food deprivation establishes food as effective reinforcer)
Term
abolishing operation (AO)
Definition
motivating operation that decreases reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus
Term
satiation
Definition
decrease in frequency of behavior presumed to be result of continued, excessive contact of a reinforer (AO)
Term
primary/unlearned/unconditioned reinforcer
Definition
stimulus change that increases frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it regardless of learning history--product of evolutionary development (phylogeny)
Term
type I error
Definition
occurs when researcher concludes that the IV has an effect on dependent variable when no such relation exists (false positive)
Term
type II error
Definition
occurs when a researcher concludes IV had no effect on dependent variable when it really did (false negative
Term
verbal behavior
Definition
reinforcement is mediated by a listener which includes vocal-verbal behavior and nonvocal-verbal behavior-- encompasses all language and topics such as thinking, grammar, composition, & understanding
Term
total-task chaining
Definition
variation of forward chaining in which learner receives training on each behavior in the chain during each session
Term
dependent variable
Definition
variable measured to determine if it changes as result of IV-- usually measure of a socially significant behavior
Term
independent variable
Definition
systematically manipulated to see whether it produces reliable changes in the DV-- usually intervention or environmental event or condition antecedent/consequence to the DV
Term
multiple baseline design
Definition
begins with concurrent measurement of 2+ behaviors in baseline condition followed by application of treatment to one behavivor while baseline conditions remain in effect for other behaviors/people/settings. treatment is applied in sequential fashion to other behaviors/people/settings. experimental control shown if each behavior shows similar changes when treatment introduced
Term
partition time-out
Definition
person remains within time-in setting but stays behind a wall, shield, or barrier that restricts view contingent on occurrence of target behavior
Term
planned ignoring
Definition
time-out where social reinforcers (attention, physical contact, verbal interaction) are withheld for a bried period contingent on occurrence of target behavior
Term
restitutional overcorrection
Definition
learner required to repair damage or restore environment to its original state and then engage in additional behavior to bring environment to a condition vastly better than it was prior to misbehavior
Term
response cost
Definition
negative punishment where contingent loss of reinforcers (like a fine) producing a decrease of frequency of behavior
Term
social validity
Definition
extent to which target behaviors are appropriate, intervention procedures are acceptable, and important and significant changes in target behaviors are produced
Term
analytic
Definition
demonstrates a functional relation between IV and DV-- (3rd dimension of ABA)
Term
conceptually systematic
Definition
research and techniques used need to reflect back to basic behavioral principles (5th dimension ABA)
Term
technological
Definition
treatment written out specific and in sufficient detail (4th dimension ABA)
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