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Alex's Bio Notes
bio
64
Biology
9th Grade
11/02/2009

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Term


Molecules that contain primarily hydrogen and carbon.

Definition
Hydrocarbons
Term
Isomers
Definition
molecules that have the same molecular formulas but different molecular structures
Term
Structural isomers
Definition
differ in arrangements of atoms
Term
Geometric Isomers
Definition
Differ in atomic spatial arrangement around a double bond
Term
Optical Isomer
Definition
Molecules that are mirror images of each other
Term

H H H H

|  |  |  |

H-C-C-C-C-H

|  |  |  |

H H H H

What bond is this?

Definition
Structural Isomer
Term

             HO           OH

              \         /

              C  =  C

              /           \

               H            H

What bond is this?

Definition
Geometric Isomer
Term
Hydroxyl
Definition
Hydrogen Atom bonded to an oxygen atom
Term
Carbonyl Group
Definition

Carbon Atom bonded to an oxygen atom

 

 

It is found at the end of a carbon chain

 

if it isnt found first or last on a carbon chain, it is a ketone

Term
Carboxyl Group
Definition
An oxygen atom that is double bonded to a carbon atom.
Term
Amino Group
Definition

A nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms.

 

Molecules containing only an Amino group are called Amines

Term
[image]
Definition
Hydroxyl Group
Term
[image]
Definition
Carbonyl Group
Term
What is the function of ATP?
Definition
The Cell is able to couple the hydrolysis of ATP to a non-spontaneous reaction or a reaction requiring energy.
Term
[image]
Definition
Carboxyl Group
Term
[image]
Definition
Amino Group
Term
Sulfhydryl Group
Definition

Sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.

 

molecules that contain sulfhydryl groups are known as thiols

Term
Phosphate Groups
Definition
Phosphate atom bounded to four (4) Oxygen atoms
Term
[image]
Definition
Sulfhydryl group
Term
[image]
Definition
Phosphate Group
Term
Enzyme
Definition
catalytic proteins
Term
catalyst
Definition

a chemical agent that changes the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reactions

Term
Polymerization
Definition
The linking of smaller molecules so as to form larger chains.
Term
Polymer
Definition
result of polymerization
Term
Monomer
Definition
Subunits of polymers that have joined together
Term
Dehydration Synthesis
Definition
Each participating molecule joined together through the loss of water.[image]
Term
Hydrolysis
Definition

[image]

Polymers that are broken apart into monomers.

Term
What do Carbohydrates molecules include?
Definition
They include Sugars, Starch, cellulose, chitin.
Term
Monosaccharides
Definition
Simplest Carbohydrate
Term
Disaccharides
Definition
two monosaccharides joined together with dehydration synthesis
Term
Polysaccharides
Definition
when 100 or more monosaccharides are joined together
Term
Glucose
Definition
Monosaccharides that are the major nutrients  for the cell.
Term
Define: ATP (what ATP stands for and what it is)
Definition
Adenosine triphosphate. It is the energy that is made by the Mitochondria. Consists of an adenine bound to a ribose sugar and a chain of three phosphate groups. the bonds between the phosphate groups are unstable and can be broken through hydrolysis.
Term
Maltose
Definition
Two glucose molecules joined together
Term
Lactose
Definition
Glucose and Galactose joined together
Term
Sucrose
Definition
Glucose joined to a Fructose (Table sugar)
Term
The two types of Polysaccharides
Definition

Storage polysaccharides- Stored for energy

Structural polysaccharides- Cannot be digested by animals and consists of cellulose and chitin.

Term
Cellulose
Definition
Major component of the plant cell wall.
Term
Chitin
Definition
important in construction of insect exo-skeletons
Term
Starch
Definition
A chain of glucose molecules
Term
Plastids
Definition
Starch structures in the cell
Term
Glycogen
Definition
Stored in liver and muscle cells. Branched polymer of glucose.
Term
examples of lipids
Definition
Fats, steroids, and phospholipids
Term
Fatty acid
Definition
[image]
Term
Saturated fatty acids
Definition
no double bonds
Term
Unsaturated fatty acids
Definition
carbon chain with one or two double bonds
Term
Phospholipds
Definition
two fatty acids and a phosphate group linked to a glycerol molecule.
Term
Proteins
Definition
Polymers that are constructed from twenty different monomers called amino acids.
Term
What are the three major stages of Cellular Resperation?
Definition
1. Glycolysis (Cytoplasm)
2. Krebs Cycle (Mitochondria)
3. Electron Transport Chain (Mitochondria)
Term
What is Glycolysis?
Definition
The process of which a glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate.
Term
What is Glycolysis?
Definition
The process of which a glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate.
Term
Define Glycolysis
Definition
Glucose is split into two, three carbon sugars that are rearranged to form two molecules of pyruvate.
Term
Plasma Membrane
Definition
Regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
Term
Define: Selectively Permeable
Definition
Only allow specific substances into and out of the cell
Term
Define: Amphipathic
Definition
Duel hydrophilic and Hydrophobic nature.
Term
Describe the three ways Membrane Fluidity is maintained
Definition
1. Lateral movement in the phospholipids.
2. The "kinking" of the unsaturated fatty acid tails of the phospholipids.
3. The presence of cholesterol molecules prevents the close grouping of the phospholipids.
Term
Integral Proteins
Definition
Transverse the membrane. The Hydrophobic regions interact with the lipid tails of the phospholipids
Term
Peripheral Proteins
Definition
Do not transverse the Membrane but are found to be associated with the surface of the membrane. typically attached to an exposed portion of an Integral Protein.
Term
What is a hypotonic solution
Definition
less solute, more free water
Term
What is a hypertonic solution?
Definition
More Solute, Less free water
Term
what is an Isotonic solution?
Definition
Equal Solute and free water
Term
Diffusion
Definition
Term
Diffusion
Definition
Term
Diffusion
Definition
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