Term
How is Ethanol metabolised?
What is the product? |
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Definition
Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH) - Acetaldehyde
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase - Acetate which is an Acetic acid |
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Term
| Describe the Metabolism kinetics of alcohol |
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Definition
CYP 450 inducer - causes tolerance
Exhibits Zero order kinetics in high doses |
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Term
| What is the MOA of ethanol |
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Definition
| Enhances the action of GABAa thus enhances the release of Cl- thus mental depression |
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Term
| What are the Acute effects of alcohol |
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Definition
Sedation
Impaired judgement
Slurred speech & Ataxia
Loss of inhibition |
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Term
IF BAC is > 500
what are the clinical symptoms of the patient? |
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Definition
| Respiratory depression & death |
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Term
If BAC is >300
what are the clinical symptoms of the patient? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the chronic effects of Ethanol? |
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Definition
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Tolerance & Dependence - Both psychological & Physical dependance occurs
Abrupt discontinuation demonstrated by abstinence syndrome (precipitated withdrawal) |
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Term
What is Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
How is it treated?
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Definition
paralysis of the external eye muscles, ataxia, and a confused state - It can progress to coma and death.
Due to thiamine deficiency so give thiamine
Even after treatment, most patients are left with a chronic disabling memory disorder known as Korsakoff's psychosis
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Term
| What are the chronic effects of ethanol on the liver? |
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Definition
Effects on liver - Reduced gluconeogenesis – hypoglycemia, progresses on to fatty liver, hepatitis, cirrhosis and liver failure
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Term
| What are the chronic effects of ethanol on the GIT? |
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Definition
GIT : pancreatitis & peptic ulcer
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Term
| What are the chronic effects of ethanol on the CNS? |
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Definition
CNS: Vasodilation - increased heat loss
Peripheral nephritis
Thiamine deficiency - Wernicke - Korsakoff syndrome
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Term
| What are the chronic effects of ethanol on the Endocrine system |
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Definition
Gynecomastia
Testicular atrophy |
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Term
| What are the chronic effects of ethanol on the Cardio system? |
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Definition
Increased incidence of hypertension, anemia & dilated cardiomyopathy
Ingestion of moderate quantities (10-15 g/day) raises serum levels of HDL
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Term
| What are the clinical symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome? |
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Definition
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1.Intrauterine growth retardation
2.Microcephaly
3.Poor motor coordination
4.Underdevelopment of midfacial region (appearing as a flattened face)
5.Minor joint anomalies.
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Term
| What is the treatment for chronic alcohol syndrome? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal syndrome?
How is it treated? |
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Definition
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Insomnia, tremor, anxiety, life threatening seizures, delirium
A2 agonist - Clonidine
Lorazepam & Diazepam
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Term
What is the treatment for alcoholism as a disease itself?
What is an ADR? |
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Definition
Disulfiram - Aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor (decreases craving for alcohol also)
•If a patient on disulfiram consumes ethanol then acetaldehyde accumulates, leading to nausea, headache, flushing & hypotension
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Term
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Definition
Aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor used in alcoholism
•If a patient on disulfiram consumes ethanol then acetaldehyde accumulates, leading to nausea, headache, flushing & hypotension
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Term
Methanol
Found where?
Toxic metabolite?
ADR? |
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Definition
Constituent of canned heat and windshield cleaners
Methanol - Alcohol dehydrogenase converts it to Formaldehyde - Aldehyde dehydrogenase converts it to Formic acid.
FORMIC ACID is the toxic metabolite
Sever acidosis and retinal damage |
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Term
What is the treatment for methanol poisoning?
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Definition
1.IV Ethanol- as it has a preferred by product of alcohol dehydrogenase, thus methanol is not metabolised to formaldehyde
2.Fomepizole is given, which is an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase
3. Bicarbonate (to manage profound metabolic acidosis)
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Term
Ethylene glycol
Where is it found?
Metabolism?
ADR?
Who is at risk? |
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Definition
Anti freeze
Ethylene glycol is converted to Glycoldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase - Glycoldehyde is converted to Glycolic acid and oxalic acid by aldehyde dehydrogenase
Oxalate crystals - forming oxalate stones in the kidney leading to renal failure
Children & animals as it is sweet coloured |
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Term
| What is the treatment for ethylene glycol poisoning? |
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Definition
Ethanol
Fomepizole
Bicarbonate |
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Term
1. What is given to treat alcohol OD
2. What is given to treat alcoholism
3. What is given to treat alcohol withdrawal? |
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Definition
1. Thiamine & IV dextrose
2. Disulfiram
3. Clonidine (A2 agonist) & lorazepam/diazepam |
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