Term
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Definition
| voluntary agreements between firms involving exchange, sharing, or co-developing of products, technologies, or services |
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Term
| contractual(nonequity-based) alliances |
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Definition
| alliances that are based on contracts and that do not involve the sharing of equity |
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Term
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Definition
| alliances that involve the use of equity |
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Term
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Definition
| one firm invests in another as a strategic investor |
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Term
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Definition
| both firms in each other to become cross-shareholders |
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Term
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Definition
| the transfer of the control of operations and management from one firm (target) to another (acquirer), the former becoming a unit of the latter. |
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Term
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Definition
| the combination of operations and management of two firms to establish a new legal entity. |
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Term
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Definition
| an investment in real operations as opposed to financial capital |
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Term
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Definition
| a situation in which alliance partners aim to outrun each other by learning the tricks from the other side as fast as possible. |
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Term
| relational (or collaborative) capability |
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Definition
| capability to successfully manage interfirm relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| the difference between the acquisition price and the market value of target firms |
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Term
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Definition
| the effective matching of complementary strategic capabilities |
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Term
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Definition
| the similarity in cultures, systems, and structures |
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Term
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Definition
| an effective way to learn complex tasks. |
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Term
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Definition
| a managers overconfidence in his or her capabilities |
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Term
| integration-responsiveness framework |
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Definition
| a framework of MNE management on how to simultaneously deal with two sets of pressures for global integration and local responsiveness |
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Term
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Definition
| the necessity to be responsive to different customer preferences around the world |
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Term
| home replication strategy |
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Definition
| a strategy that emphasizes international replication of home country-based competencies such as production scales, distribution efficiencies, and brand power |
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Term
| localization (multidomestic) strategy |
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Definition
| a strategy that focuses on a number of foreign countries/regions, each of which is regarded as a stand-alone "local" (domestic) market worthy of significant attention and adaption. |
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Term
| global standardization strategy |
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Definition
| a strategy that relies on the development and distribution of standardized products worldwide to reap the maximum benefits form low-cost advantages |
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Term
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Definition
| an MNE subsidiary explicitly recognized as a source of important capabilities, with the intention that these capabilities be leveraged by and/or disseminated to other subsidiaries. |
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Term
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Definition
| the charter to be responsible for one MNE function throughout the world |
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Term
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Definition
| a strategy that endeavors to be cost efficient, locally responsive, and learning driven simultaneously around the world |
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Term
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Definition
| a structure that is typically set up when firms initially expand abroad, often engaging in a home replication strategy. |
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Term
| geographic area structure |
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Definition
| an organizational structure that organizes the MNE according to different countries and regions |
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Term
| country or regional manager |
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Definition
| the business leader of a specific geographic area or region |
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Term
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Definition
| an organizational structure that assigns global responsibilities to each product division |
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Term
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Definition
| an organizational structure often used to alleviate the disadvantages associated with both geographic area and global product division structures, especially for MNE's adopting a transnational strategy |
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Term
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Definition
| the structures, processes, and systems that actively develop, leverage, and transfer knowledge |
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Term
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Definition
| knowledge that is codifiable(that is, can be written down and transferred with little loss of its richness). |
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Term
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Definition
| knowledge that is noncodifiable and its acquisition and transfer require hands-on practice |
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Term
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Definition
| a team whose members are physically dispersed in multiple locations in the world. They operate on a virtual basis. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to recognize the value of new information, assimilate it, and apply it. |
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Term
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Definition
| the informal benefits individuals and organizations derive from their social structures and networks |
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Term
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Definition
| the informal interpersonal relationships (micro) among managers of different units that may greatly facilitate intersubsidiary cooperation (macro) among various units. |
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Term
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Definition
| the proactive and deliberate pursuit of new opportunities by a subsidiary to expand its scope of responsibilities |
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Term
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Definition
| a customer-focused dimension that supplies customers (often other MNEs) in a coordinated and consistent way across various countries |
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Term
| solutions based structure |
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Definition
| a customer oriented solution in which a provider sells whatever combination of goods and services and customers prefers, including a rivals offerings. |
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