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AIT
Chapter 8: Databases & Information Systems // Digital Engines for Today’s Economy
44
Computer Science
Professional
10/23/2013

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Cards

Term
Data storage hierarchy (pg. 409)
Definition
Consists of the levels of data stored in a computer database: bits, characters (bytes), fields, records, and files.
Term
Field (pg. 409)
Definition
A unit of data consisting of one or more characters (bytes)
Term
Record (pg. 410)
Definition
A collection of related fields
Term
Program file (pg. 411)
Definition
Files containing software instructions
Term
Data file (pg. 411)
Definition
Files that contain data
Term
Compression (pg. 412)
Definition
A method of removing repetitive elements from a file so that the file requires less storage space and therefore less time to transmit
Term
Database management system (DBMS) (pg. 414) (database manager)
Definition
Software written specifically to control the structure of a database and access to the data
Term
Data dictionary (pg. 415) (repository)
Definition
A document or file that stores the data definitions and descriptions of the structure of data used in the database
Term
Report generator (pg. 416)
Definition
A program for producing an on-screen or printed document from all or part of a database
Term
Hierarchal database (pg. 417)
Definition
Fields or records are arranged in related groups resembling a family tree, with child (lower-level) records subordinate to parent (higher-level) records
Term
Network database (pg. 418)
Definition
Similar to a hierarchal database, but each child record can have more than one parent record
Term
Structured query language (SQL) (pg. 420) (pronounced “sequel”)
Definition
The standard query language used to create, modify, maintain, and query relational databases
Term
Query by example (QBE) (pg. 420)
Definition
The user asks for information in a database by using a sample record form, or table, to define the qualifications he or she wants for selected records
Term
Object-oriented database (pg. 422)
Definition
Uses “objects,” software written in small, reusable chunks, as elements within database files
Term
Multidimensional database (MDA) (pg. 423)
Definition
Models data as facts, dimensions, or numerical measures for use in the interactive analysis or large amounts of data for decision-making purposes
Term
Data mining (DM) (pg. 424)
Definition
The computer-assisted process of sifting through and analyzing vast amounts of data in order to extract hidden patterns and meaning and to discover new knowledge
Term
Data warehouse (pg. 425)
Definition
A special database of cleaned up data and meta-data
Term
Business-to-business (B2B) system (pg. 430)
Definition
A business sells to other businesses, using the internet or a private network to cut transaction costs and increase efficiencies
Term
Business-to-consumer (B2C) system (pg. 431)
Definition
A business sells goods or services to consumers, or members of the general public
Term
Management information system (MIS) (pg. 436)
Definition
A computer-based information system that uses data recorded by a TPS as input into programs that produce routine reports as output
Term
Decision support system (DSS) (pg. 437)
Definition
A computer-based information system that provides a flexible tool for analysis and helps managers focus on the future
Term
Executive support system (ESS)
Definition
An easy-to-use DSS made especially for strategic managers; it specifically supports strategic decision making
Term
Expert system (pg. 439) (knowledge-based system)
Definition
A set of interactive computer programs that helps users solve problems that would otherwise require the assistance of a human expert
Term
Artificial intelligence (AI) (pg. 440)
Definition
A group of related technologies used for developing machines to emulate human qualities, such as learning, reasoning, communicating, seeing, and hearing
Term
Natural language processing (pg. 442)
Definition
The study of ways for computers to recognize and understand human language
Term
Intelligent agent (pg. 442)
Definition
A form of software with built-in intelligence that monitors work patterns, asks questions, and performs work tasks on your behalf
Term
Fuzzy logic (pg. 443)
Definition
A method of dealing with imprecise and uncertainty, with problems that have many answers rather than one
Term
Why are Social Security numbers often used as a “key” field? (pg. 411)
Definition
They are a unique identifier
Term
How does a DBMS increase security? (pg. 414)
Definition
Access to specific information can be limited to selected users
Term
What is a data dictionary? (pgs. 415-416)
Definition
 (Repository) A document or file that stores the data definitions and descriptions of the structure of data used in the database
Term
What are the chief responsibilities of a database administrator? (pg. 416)
Definition
 Coordinates all related activities and needs for an organization’s database (ensures the database’s recoverability, integrity, security, availability, reliability, and performance)
Term
Identify the five database models. (pg. 416)
Definition
Hierarchal

Network

Relational

Object-oriented

Multidimensional
Term
Explain how a relational database operates. (pg. 420)
Definition
It relates, or connects, data in different files through the use of a key, or common data element. Whereas in the hierarchal and network database models data is arranged according to physical address, in the relational model data is arranged logically, by content.
Term
Describe the steps used in preparing data for a data warehouse (pgs. 424-425)
Definition
1. Data sources

2. Data fusion & cleansing

3. Data & meta-data

4. Data transport to the data warehouse
Term
Contrast the three types of e-commerce systems. (pgs. 430-431)
Definition
Business-to-business (B2B) systems: A business sells to other businesses, using the internet or a private network to cut transaction costs and increase efficiencies

Business-to-consumer (B2C) systems: A business sells goods or services to consumers, or members of the general public

Consumers-to-consumers (C2C) systems: Consumers sell goods or services directly to other consumers
Term
Identify the six departments and three management levels through which information flows. (pgs. 432-434)
Definition
Research and development (R&D)

Production (operations)

Marketing and sales

Accounting and finance

Human resources (personnel)

Information systems (IS)

Top management: unstructured decisions (Strategic-level management)

Middle management: semistructured decisions (Tactical-level management)

Lower management: structured decisions (Operational-level management)
Term
Briefly distinguish between the six computer-based information systems. (pgs. 435-439)
Definition
Office information systems

Transaction processing systems

Management information systems

Decision support systems

Executive support systems

Expert systems
Term
Explain how a knowledge base and an interference engine are related. (pg. 441)
Definition
Term
Describe the role of intelligent agents in finding information. (pg. 442)
Definition
Term
What is fuzzy logic, and how does it operate? (pg. 443)
Definition
Term
What is virtual reality? (pg. 443)
Definition
Term
Compare the weak AI and strong AI approaches to artificial intelligence. (pg. 446)
Definition
Term
What is the Turing test? (pgs. 448-449)
Definition
Term
Summarize the two ethical concerns about the use of databases. (pgs. 450-452)
Definition
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