Term
| What is external respiration? |
|
Definition
| Its the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the inspired air and pulmonary capillaries |
|
|
Term
| What is internal respiration? |
|
Definition
| its the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the capillary red blood cells and tissues |
|
|
Term
| What is the atmospheric pressure at sea level? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of ventilation is passive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ease with which the lungs and thorax expand during pressure changes |
|
|
Term
| during nose breathing, how much air way resistance is created |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most commonly used accessory muscles used? |
|
Definition
| Scalenes and the sternocleidomsastoid |
|
|
Term
| What is the average Tidal volume for an adult |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the average tidal volume, how much of it is dead space in cc's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| during inhalation, how do the ribs move |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why do alveoli have a tendency to collapse |
|
Definition
| because of the recoil caused by the elastic fibers and surface tension |
|
|
Term
| what part of the airway provides most of the resistance during inhalation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As the bronchial tree continues to branch towards the alveoli, does the airway resistance increase or decrease |
|
Definition
| it decreases because of the large increase in the total cross sectional diameter of the airway |
|
|
Term
| This accessory muscle is found is the deep muscles of the neck and thorax |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the typical accessory muscles used during labored breathing |
|
Definition
| scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, posterior neck, back muscles, and abd muscles |
|
|
Term
| what is anatomical dead space |
|
Definition
| its the amount of inhaled air that never reaches the alveoli |
|
|
Term
| what is physiological dead space |
|
Definition
| its the anatomical dead space plus the volume of nonfunctional alveoli |
|
|
Term
| how many breaths does it take to replace residual volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the average tidal volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much of the tidal volume is dead space |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the inspiratory reserve volume |
|
Definition
| it is the amount of gas that can be forcefully inhaled after inspiration of normal tidal volume |
|
|
Term
| how many cc's is the normal inspiratory reserve volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| define expiratory reserve volume |
|
Definition
| the amount of gas that can be forcefully exhaled after expiration of the normal tidal volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the gas that remains in the respiratory system after forced expiration |
|
|
Term
| what is the formula for inspiratory capacity |
|
Definition
| tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the volume of gas that can move on deepest inspiration and expiration |
|
|
Term
| what is the vital capacity formula |
|
Definition
| inspiratory reserve volume plus tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume |
|
|
Term
| what is the normal vital capacity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the formula for total lung capacity |
|
Definition
| sum of the vital capacity and the residual volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of gas inhaled or exhaled in 1 min |
|
|
Term
| what is the minute volume formula |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the average minute volume |
|
Definition
| 5 L/min (avg tidal volume 500cc times resp rate -10= average minute volume) |
|
|
Term
| define minute alveolar ventilation |
|
Definition
| the amount of gas available for alvolear exchange (tidal volume - dead space)* resp rate |
|
|
Term
| what is the percentage of nitrogen in air |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the percentage of o2 in the air |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is defines as all the chemical changes that occur in the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this term describes the passive process of oxygen and co2 exchange |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| according to diffusion, the molecules have a tendency to do this |
|
Definition
| move from a high concentration to a lower concentration |
|
|
Term
| The diffusion of gases through liquid is determined by |
|
Definition
| the pressure of gases- that is why its harder to breath in high altitude environment |
|
|
Term
| what is the respiratory membrane |
|
Definition
| its is the think layer of tissue that separates alveolar air from pulmonary capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is the destruction of functioning alveoli |
|
|
Term
| what are the two ways that oxygen is dissolved in blood |
|
Definition
| most of it is dissolved in red blood cells and the other is plasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| red blood cells that are chemically bound to hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| how many oxygen molecules can hemoglobin carry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the formula for total lung capacity |
|
Definition
| sum of the vital capacity and the residual volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of gas inhaled or exhaled in 1 min |
|
|
Term
| what is the minute volume formula |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the average minute volume |
|
Definition
| 5 L/min (avg tidal volume 500cc times resp rate -10= average minute volume) |
|
|
Term
| define minute alveolar ventilation |
|
Definition
| the amount of gas available for alvolear exchange (tidal volume - dead space)* resp rate |
|
|
Term
| what is the percentage of nitrogen in air |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the percentage of o2 in the air |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is defines as all the chemical changes that occur in the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this term describes the passive process of oxygen and co2 exchange |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| according to diffusion, the molecules have a tendency to do this |
|
Definition
| move from a high concentration to a lower concentration |
|
|
Term
| The diffusion of gases through liquid is determined by |
|
Definition
| the pressure of gases- that is why its harder to breath in high altitude environment |
|
|
Term
| what is the respiratory membrane |
|
Definition
| its is the think layer of tissue that separates alveolar air from pulmonary capillaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is the destruction of functioning alveoli |
|
|
Term
| what are the two ways that oxygen is dissolved in blood |
|
Definition
| most of it is dissolved in red blood cells and the other is plasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| red blood cells that are chemically bound to hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| how many oxygen molecules can hemoglobin carry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood (3 way) |
|
Definition
| plasma, blood proteins, and bicarbonate ions |
|
|
Term
| how is a majority of carbon dioxide transported through the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The response of hemoglobin to changes in ph is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the fick principle |
|
Definition
| it states that the amount of oxygen that the lungs deliver to the blood is directly related to the amount of oxygen consumed |
|
|
Term
| this term describes decreased oxygen at the tissue level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is a state of decreased oxygen content of the arterial blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the brain controlls the neurons for breathing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what nerve controls the diaphram |
|
Definition
| the phrenic nerves, there are two of them |
|
|
Term
| what does it mean for the medulla to be bilateral |
|
Definition
| each side of the medulla is made up of different neurons that control inspiratory and expiratory centers |
|
|
Term
| what part of the medulla is inactive during quiet respiration |
|
Definition
| expiratory center (that's why exhalation is passive) |
|
|
Term
| what neuro mechanisms control the basic respiratory rhythm established by the inspiratory and expiratory centers |
|
Definition
| the vagal nerve and the pneumotaxic center |
|
|
Term
| what is the hering-breuer reflex |
|
Definition
| its another term for the vagal nerve |
|
|
Term
| what nerve limits inspiration and prevents overinflation of the lungs |
|
Definition
| the hering-breuer reflex (vagal nerve) |
|
|
Term
| what part of the brain can influence respiratory patters because of emotion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what part of the brain allows you to consciously alter your breathing pattern |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the different types of receptors that send information back to the brain that can alter the breathing pattern |
|
Definition
| chemoreceptors, baroreceptors and stretch receptors |
|
|
Term
| during quiet breathing, what receptors are responsible for rhythmic breathing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the pons is constantly active during normal respiratory rates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| that rhythmically inhibits inspiration. |
|
Definition
| pneumotaxic center located in the pons |
|
|
Term
| this group of nerves overrides the apneustic center when the demand for increased ventilation arises |
|
Definition
| pneumotaxic center located in the pons |
|
|
Term
| where are chemoreceptors located |
|
Definition
| in medulla, carotid and aortic bodies |
|
|
Term
| concentrations of these ions are the major regulators of respiration |
|
Definition
| hydrogen and carbon dioxide |
|
|
Term
| what is the bodies normal Pco2 level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does lowered barometric pressure affect the bodies ability to eliminate carbon dioxide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| COPD patients have a hypoxic drive, what stimulates them to breath then |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These modified forms of respiration are thought to be protective mechanisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stimulation of this cranial nerve will cause you to sneeze i.e sunlight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This modified respiratory effort is though to be a protective reflex to hyperinflation the lungs and re expand alveoli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is a spasmodic contraction of the diaphram |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This modified form of respiration is thought to serve no useful purpose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is control of respiration a form of negative or positive feedback |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as you become older, what happens to your lungs |
|
Definition
| vital capacity decreases and residual volume increases |
|
|
Term
| how soon does brain damage happen after cessation of circulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most common source of FBAO |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the primary source of airway obstruction in a unconscious person |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what should you do if a FBAO patient has air exchange that is adequate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A laryngeal spasm is often caused by |
|
Definition
| aggressive intubation or extubation in a semi conscious individual |
|
|
Term
| What are s&s of a fractured larynx |
|
Definition
| pain on palpation, stridor, hoarseness, difficulty with speech or hemoptysis |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common site of tracheal trauma |
|
Definition
| the area between the cricoid cartilage and the third tracheal ring |
|
|
Term
| what are the most common food that children aspirate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the right bronchus different than the left bronchus |
|
Definition
| the right is shorter, wider, and more vertical |
|
|
Term
| Most aspirations end up in which bronchus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These to chemicals break down food in the stomach |
|
Definition
| pepsin and hydrochloric acid |
|
|
Term
| where is hydrochloric acid made |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the protein dissolving enzyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what digestive enzyme does saliva contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does amylase do and where is it? |
|
Definition
| it breads down carbohydrates, it is the digestive enzyme in saliva |
|
|
Term
| where in the brain is the vomiting center |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| at what psi are o2 tanks considered empty |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much psi does it take to fill a o2 tank |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| irregular respiration's varying in depth and interrupted by intervals o apnea |
|
|
Term
| define cheyne-stokes respiration |
|
Definition
| a regular, periodic pattern of breathing-with equal intervals of apnea followed by a crescendo-decrescendo sequence of respiration. |
|
|
Term
| Humidified oxygen is desirable for these types of respiratory inflammation processes |
|
Definition
| croup, epiglottitis or bronchiolitis |
|
|
Term
| When are nasal cannulas ineffective |
|
Definition
| when patients are primarily nose breathers or if the patient needs high flow o2 |
|
|
Term
| What are the oxygen concentrations for a nasal cannula |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the possible oxygen concentrations for a simple face mask and partial re breather mask |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When are oxygen masks ineffective |
|
Definition
| patients who with apnea or poor respiratory effort |
|
|
Term
| What is the problem with a flow rate of less than 6 L/min on a simple face mask |
|
Definition
| Less than 6L/min will allow carbon dioxide in the mask to build up making it ineffective |
|
|
Term
| This type of o2 mask has a flutter valve assembly in the mask piece that stops the patients exhaled air from returning to the reservoir bag |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the concentrations of oxygen that the venturi mask delivers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of patients are venturi masks used for |
|
Definition
| patients with a hypoxic drive |
|
|
Term
| What is the % of oxygen exhaled by a person |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is it more appropriate to do a mouth to nose method versus a mouth to mouth method |
|
Definition
| Injuries to the mouth and lower jaw and patients with missing teeth or dentures |
|
|
Term
| How should a paramedic ventilate children, mouth to nose method or mouth to mouth method |
|
Definition
| Mouth to nose method is recommended |
|
|
Term
| what should you do if a stoma becomes clogged |
|
Definition
| suction with a sterile suction catheter, not inserting the catheter more than 7-12 cm |
|
|
Term
| In regards to a laryngectomy, this condition is considered life threatening |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do patients with a laryngectomy more commonly develop mucus plugs |
|
Definition
| because they have a less effective cough |
|
|
Term
| when ventilating a stoma, you hear air leaking out of the mouth (partial neck breather), what should you do next? |
|
Definition
| close the patients mouth and nose, then try ventilating again |
|
|
Term
| How should you position a patient with a stoma to ventilate |
|
Definition
| us a pediatric sized pocket mask, patients head should be kept strait and the shoulders slightly elevated |
|
|
Term
| What is a partial neck breather and what should you do when trying to ventilate this type of patient |
|
Definition
| close the patients mouth and nose then try ventilation again |
|
|
Term
| what should the supplemental oxygen flow rate be to a pocket mask |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you properly allow for passive exhalation when using the mouth to mask ventilation technique |
|
Definition
| removing the mask from the patients face |
|
|
Term
| The AHA prefers how many rescuers to use the bag mask device |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do bag valve masks most commonly leak when being used on children |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many ventilation should be given to adults per min |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of suction catheter is narrow and flexible tube |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of suction catheter has two commonly used names, it is a rigid pharyngeal catheter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the first step in suctioning a patient |
|
Definition
| check the equipment and set it to 80-120 mm Hg |
|
|
Term
| How long can you suction a adults airway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long can you suction an childs airway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many mm Hg is needed for normal pharyngeal suctioning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long should you pre-oxygenate a patient before suctioning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are common problems with suctioning |
|
Definition
| hypoxemia, cardiac rhythm disturbances, airway stimulation may increase arterial pressure, soft tissue damage |
|
|
Term
| How long do you preoxygenate a patient before tracheobronchial suctioning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should be monitored when tracheobronchial suctioning |
|
Definition
| the cardiac monitor for cardiac dysrhythmias or bradycardia |
|
|
Term
| How does a paramedic manage gastric distention |
|
Definition
| patient is placed in left lateral recumbent position and pressure is slowly applied to the upper stomach or epigastric region, if that does not work placement of a gastric tube works |
|
|
Term
| How do you achieve gastric decompression for gastric distention or vomiting control |
|
Definition
| through a nasogastric or orogastric tube |
|
|
Term
| when do patients most commonly get gastric distention |
|
Definition
| being ventilated but not intubated for a long time |
|
|
Term
| How do you confirm NG tube placement |
|
Definition
| by injecting 30-50 ml of air wile auscultating or aspirate gastric contents |
|
|
Term
| How should you control a patients airway when the patient is unconscious or in patients who are responsive but not alert enough to control their own airway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the french scale indicate about the diameter of a tube |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A small internal diameter in french will have a large or small number |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do you measure a ng tube |
|
Definition
| measure from the nose to the ear, and from the ear to the xiphoid process |
|
|
Term
| how do you know if the NP airway is too long? |
|
Definition
| if a patient begins to gag indicating that it is stimulating the posterior pharynx. |
|
|
Term
| What should you do if the NP airway is too long |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Whats the problem with too long of a NP airway |
|
Definition
| stimulate a gag reflex, or it might enter the esophagus |
|
|
Term
| what is the problem with small diameter NP airways |
|
Definition
| they become easily obstructed |
|
|
Term
| What are the two different types of oropharyngeal airways |
|
Definition
the guedel- tubular design
the berman- airway channels along the side |
|
|
Term
| What should you do before the insertion of a OP airway |
|
Definition
| clear the mouth and pharynx of all secretions |
|
|
Term
| how does tongue blade displace the tongue |
|
Definition
| inferiorly and anteriorly |
|
|
Term
| When talking about et tube diameter, what is measured |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the usual size of ET tube for men |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the usual et tube size for women |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what age are cuffed et tubes recommended |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When would you used a cuffed et tubes for kids below the age of 8 |
|
Definition
| kids with status asthmaticus and ARDS |
|
|
Term
| What is the narrowest part of a kids airway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the formula for estimate of ET tube size (cuffed and uncuffed) for children older than 1 |
|
Definition
Uncuffed age/4 plus 4
cuffed is one size below uncuffed |
|
|
Term
| What is the most reliable method for selecting a correct ET tube size |
|
Definition
| length based resuscitation tape |
|
|
Term
| The electrical contact between the blade and the handle is made at a connection point called the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are different types of strait blades |
|
Definition
| Miller, Flagg blade, or the Wisconsin |
|
|
Term
| Where does the tip of the strait blade go to visualize the vocal chords |
|
Definition
| under the epiglottis to lift it out of the way |
|
|
Term
| What type of blade is recommended for infants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the hole at the end of the ET tube called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During intubation attempts, how should the patient be monitored |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anatomically speaking, where is the location of the epiglottis |
|
Definition
| it is attached at the base of the tongue |
|
|
Term
| At what angle does the left bronchus branch off of the trachea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the anatomical place where the left and right mainstem bronchi separate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is meant by the head being in the sniffing position |
|
Definition
| neck is flexed at the 5 or 6 vertebrae and the head is extended at the first or second vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| how far do you advance the ET tube after visualization of it going through the chords |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the average adult how far is the carina from the teeth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the average depth that a ET tube is inserted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should you do if you intubated right mainstem bronchus |
|
Definition
| deflated the cuff and withdraw the tube 1 to 2 cm and then re inflate the cuff |
|
|
Term
| When should you confirm correct ET tube placement |
|
Definition
| each time the patient is moved |
|
|
Term
| What is a form of a primary confirmation method for a ET tube |
|
Definition
| auscultating over the lung fields, |
|
|
Term
| What is a form of secondary confirmation for et tube |
|
Definition
| end tidal carbon dioxide detectors, bulb syringe |
|
|
Term
| What is the narrowest part of the airway in a infant and young child |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As the child becomes 10 y/o and older, what part of the airway becomes the narrowest part |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two formulas for estimating the depth of insertion |
|
Definition
patients age/ 2 plus 12
et tube diameter times 3 |
|
|
Term
| when are deciduous teeth developed and lost |
|
Definition
| they develop at 6 months and lost between 6-8 years |
|
|
Term
| What will the bulb do if the et tube is in the right place |
|
Definition
| it will easily re inflate itself |
|
|
Term
| when would you most likely see a shark fin appearance on the capnography |
|
Definition
| when the patient is having a bronchospasm |
|
|
Term
| What type of paralytic agents cause fasciculations |
|
Definition
| depolarizing agents- succinylcholine |
|
|
Term
| What is a mallampati score and what does it measure |
|
Definition
| it measures the difficulty of intubation- 1&2 are considered no difficulty, 4 is the most difficult |
|
|
