Term
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Definition
-extends from the mouth and nose to the larynx.
-includes the nasal cavity, oral cavity and the pharynx. |
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Term
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Definition
-muscular tube that extends from the back of the soft palate to the superior aspect of the esophagus.
-3 regions: nasopharynx, oropharynx and the laryngopharynx |
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Term
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Definition
| -uppermost region from the back of the nasal openings to the plane of the soft palate. |
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Term
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Definition
| -extends from the plane of the soft palate to the hyoid bone |
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Term
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Definition
| -extends posteriorly from the hyoid bone to the esophagus and anteriorly to the larynx |
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Term
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Definition
| -prevents foreign material from entering the trachea and lungs, sensitive nerves activate the body's cough and swallowing mechanisms |
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Term
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Definition
-leaf-shaped cartilage that prevents food from entering the respiratory tract during swallowing.
-anterior and superior to the epiglottis
-fold formed by base of the tongue and epiglottis |
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Term
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Definition
| -consists of the thyroid and cricoid cartilage, glottic opening, vocal chords, arytenoid cartilage, pyriform fossae and cricothyroid cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
-narrowest part of the adult airway
-bordered by the vocal cords |
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Term
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Definition
-considered first tracheal cartilage ring
-only one that is circumferential |
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Term
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Definition
-nerve endings are located in the mucous membrane that lines the larynx.
-extremely sensitive, if stimulated can cause bradycardia, hypotension, decreased respiratory rate and increased intercranial pressure |
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Term
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Definition
-extends from below the larynx to the alveoli
-where respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur. |
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Term
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Definition
-10 to 12 cm long
-connects larynx to the two mainstem bronchi
-contains cartilaginous, C-shaoed rings |
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Term
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Definition
-start where they break into two at the carina at the base of the trachea
-right mainstem bronchi is almost straight, which often causes aspiration
-enter the lung at the hilum, then divide into secondary and tertiary bronchi, which then divide into bronchioles.
-bronchioles encircled with smooth muscle that contains beta-2 adrenergic receptors, responsible for the constriction and dilation of the bronchioles |
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Term
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Definition
-hollow structures, contain alveolar membrane that is only about one or two cells thick, this allows for gas exchange
-contain surfactant which resists collapse |
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Term
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Definition
-membranous connective tissue covering the lungs
-bi-layer: visceral and parietal
-visceral: envelopes the lungs, does not contain nerve fibers
-parietal: lines the thoracic cavity, contains nerve fibers
-space between = pleural space with fluid to reduce friction |
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Term
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Definition
| -inflammation of the pleura, causing pain during respiration |
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Term
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Definition
-smaller jaw, larger tongue, greater potential of airway encroachment.
-epiglottis "floppier" and rounder.
-larynx more superior, funnel shaped.
-cricoid cartilage narrowest portion of the pedi airway.
-more diaphragmatic breathers due to lack of rigidity in the ribs and cartilages |
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Term
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Definition
| -exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment |
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Term
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Definition
| -the mechanical process that moves air into and out of the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
-pulmonary ventilation relies on changes in pressure within the thoracic cavity
-diaphragm contracts, draws downward, enlarging the thoracic cavity.
-intercostals contract, draw the ribcage upward and outward, further increasing thoracic volume.
-negative pressue is created, air rushes in through the airway.
-stretch receptors inhibit respiration once alveoli are maximally inflated.
-respiratory muscles then relax, creating positive pressure within the thoracic cavity and force air out of the airway. |
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Term
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Definition
| -the pressure exerted by each component of a gas mixture |
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Term
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Definition
PA = alveolar partial pressure
Pa = arterial partial pressure
Oxygen = 100 torr (average 80-100)
Carbon dioxide = 40 torr (average 35-45) |
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Term
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Definition
| -ratio of the blood's actual oxygen content to its total oxygen carrying capacity |
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Term
| Factors affecting oxygen saturation |
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Definition
-decreased hemoglobin concentration (anemia, hemorrhage)
-inadequate alveolar ventilation due to low inspired-oxygen concentration
-decreased diffusion across the pulmonary membrane when diffusion distance increases or pulmonary membrane changes
-ventilation/perfusion mismatch occurs when a portion of the alveoli collapses |
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Term
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Definition
| -blood clot that travels to the pulmonary circulation and hinders oxygenation of the blood |
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Term
| Causes of lowered CO2 levels |
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Definition
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Term
| Causes of increased CO2 production |
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Definition
| -fever, muscle exertion, shivering, metabolic processes resulting in the formation of metabolic acids |
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Term
| Decreased CO2 elimination (increased CO2 levels in the blood) |
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Definition
-results from decreased alveolar ventilation. Caused by:
-respiratory depression by lungs
-airway obstruction
-impairment of the respiratory muscles
-obstructive diseases such as asthma and emphysema |
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Term
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Definition
-excessive pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood
-treated by increasing the rate and/or volume of ventilation and by correcting the underlying cause |
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Term
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Definition
| -number of times a person breathes in 1 minute |
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Term
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Definition
-located in the brainstem
-main respiratory center
connected to the respiratory muscles via the vagus nerve. |
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Term
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Definition
-apneustic center
-assumes respiratory control to ensure the continuation of respirations |
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Term
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Definition
-also in the pons
-controls expiration |
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Term
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Definition
| -prevents over-expansion of the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
-involuntary respiratory controls
-central chemical receptors in the medulla and peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies of the aorta
-stimulated by decreased PaO2, increased PaCO2 and decreased pH.
-CSF pH is the primary control of the respiratory center stimulation.
-CSF pH responds very rapidly to changes in PCO2. |
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Term
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Definition
| -decreased partial pressure of oxygen in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| -mechanism that increases respiratory stimulation when PaO2 falls and inhibits respiratory stimulation when PaO2 climbs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Factors increasing respiratory rate |
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Definition
| -Fever, emotion, pain, hypoxia, acidosis, stimulant drugs |
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Term
| Factors decreasing respiratory rate |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -average volume of gas inhaled or exhaled in one respiratory cycle |
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Term
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Definition
-amount of gas in the tidal volume that remains in the air passages unavailable for gas exchange.
-approx. 150 mL
-anatomically in the trachea and bronchi |
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Term
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Definition
| -amount of gas inhaled and exhaled in 1 minute. |
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Term
| Causes of an upper airway obstruction |
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Definition
| -the tongue, foreign bodies, teeth, spasm and edema, vomitus and blood |
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Term
| Causes of decreased ventilation |
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Definition
-depressed respiratory function from:
-impairment of respiratory muscles or nervous system, bronchospasm, fractured ribs, pneumothorax, hemothorax, drug overdose, renal failure, spinal or brainstem injury or head injury. |
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Term
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Definition
| -a forceful expiration that occurs against a partially closed epiglottis |
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Term
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Definition
| -deep, slow or rapid, gasping breathing, commonly found in diabetic ketoacidosis |
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Term
| Cheyne-Stokes respirations |
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Definition
| -progressively deeper, faster breathing alternating gradually with shallow, slower breathing, indicating brain injury |
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Term
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Definition
| -irregular patter of rate and depth with sudden, periodic episodes of apnea, indicating intracranial pressure |
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Term
| Central neurogenic hyperventilation |
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Definition
| -deep, rapid respirations, indicating intracranial pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| -shallow, slow or infrequent breathing, indicating brain anoxia |
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Term
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Definition
| -harsh, high-pitched sound heard on exhalation, associated with laryngeal edema or contriction/occlusion |
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Term
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Definition
| -musical, squeaking or whistling sound heard on inhalation and/or exhalation, associated with bronchiolar constriction |
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Term
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Definition
| -measurement of expired CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| -graphic recording or display of the capnometry reading over time |
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Term
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Definition
-measurement of the CO2 concentration at the end of expiration
-maximum CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
-rapidly and blindly inserted
-bypasses tongue, providing patent airway
-can use in presence of gag reflex
-can use with patients with oral cavity injury
-may suction through it
-may use it when patient has clenched teeth |
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Term
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Definition
-smaller than OPA
-does not isolate trachea
-difficult to suction through
-may cause severe nosebleeds
-may kink or clog
-difficult to insert if nasal damage is present
-not to be used with basilar skull fracture |
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Term
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Definition
-easy to place
-air can pass around device
-helps prevent obstruction by teeth and lips
-suction of the pharynx is easier
-effective bite block |
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Term
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Definition
-does not isolate trachea or prevent aspiration
-cannot be inserted when teeth are clenched
-easily dislodged
-return of gag reflex may produce vomiting |
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Term
| Endotracheal intubation equipment |
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Definition
-Laryngoscope
-Endotracheal tube
-10 mL syringe
-Stylet
-BVM
-Suction device
-Bite block
-Magill forceps
-Tube-holding device |
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Term
| Complications of endotracheal intubation |
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Definition
| -equipment malfunction, tooth breakage, soft-tissue laceration, hypoxia, esophageal intubation, endobronchial intubation, tension pneumothorax |
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Term
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Definition
-ventilate patient
-prepare equipment
-apply cricoid pressure and insert laryngoscope
-visualize the larynx and insert ETT
-inflate the cuff, ventilate and auscultate
-confirm placement with an ETCO2 detector or waveform capnorgraphy
-secure the tube
-reconfirm the ETT placement |
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Term
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Definition
-ETT size (mm) = (age in years + 16)/4
-ETT size = diameter of little finger
-tubes are uncuffed
-Miller (straight) blade used to lift floppy epiglottis
-should be inserted until black tip disappears |
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Term
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Definition
-blind procedure
-requires listening for breathing to locate trachea
-indications: possible spinal injury, clenched teeth, fractured jaw oral injuries or recent oral surgery, angioedema, obesity, arthritis.
-contraindications: suspected nasal fractures, suspected basilar skull fractures, deviated septum, cardiac or respiratory arrest, unresponsive patient |
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