ALS

AIM 2−1−1. Approach Light Systems (ALS)

signal lights starting at the landing threshold and extending into the approach area for transition from instrument flight to visual flight for landing.

 [image]

Some include sequenced flashing lights which appear to the pilot as a ball of light traveling towards the runway at high speed (twice a second).

[image]

VASI

(describe, location/angle, 2/3 BR syst, vis dist.)

AIM 2−1−2. Visual Glideslope Indicators VASI

(visual approach slope indicator)

red and white. light unit projects a beam of light w/ white in the upper beam and red in the lower beam.

Two−bar VASI - near and far bars / one visual glide path -

3 degrees / usually left side of runway

Three−bar VASI - near, middle, and far bars - two visual glide paths / both sides of the runway / lower glide path - near and middle bars set at 3 degrees / upper glide path, - middle and far bars, ¼ degree higher -  use by high cockpit aircraft - provide for threshold crossing height.

Angles as high as 4.5 degrees for obstacle clearance. high performance aircraft cautioned VASI angles > 3.5 degrees increase runway length required for landing and rollout.

visible from 3−5 miles day and 20 miles at night.

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Tri-color VASI

(describe, vis dist.)

AIM 2−1−2. Tri-color VASI Systems.

(visual approach slope indicator)

single light unit projecting a 3-color approach path

The below glide path = red 

above = amber

on glide path = green.

useful range 1/2 to 1 mile - day / up to 5 miles at night

[image]

Pulsating VASI Systems.

(describe, vis dist.)

AIM 2−1−2 Pulsating VASI Systems.

range 0.5-1 mile day/ 5 miles night

single light unit projecting a two-color visual approach path 

on glide path indication is a steady white light.

slightly below glide path = steady red /Descending further = pulsating red

Above glide path = pulsating white light /

pulsating rate increases as the aircraft gets further above or below the desired glide slope.

[image]

 PAPI

Describe PAPI light conditions functional distance D/N

AIM 2−1−2. Visual Glideslope Indicators

b. Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI)

single row of either two or four light units.

normally on left side of  runway

visible from about 5 miles day / up to 20 miles night.

safe obstruction clearance within plus or minus 10 degrees of the extended runway centerline / to 3.4 NM from the runway threshold.

Descent, using the PAPI, should not be initiated until the aircraft is visually aligned with the runway.

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PO M O L A

(describe, effective distance)

AIM 2−1−2 Alignment of Elements Systems

(POMOLA – poor man’s optical landing aid).

Painted plywood panels, / black & white or fluorescent orange.

Range approx. 3/4 miles.

"Move the middle board" - descend to bring middle down / ascend to bring middle board up.

[image]

REIL

AIM 2-1-3. Runway End Identifier Lights (REIL)

pair of synchronized flashing lights located laterally on each side of the runway threshold facing the approach area.

Provide rapid and positive ID of the approach end of a particular runway. [image]

[image]

Runway Edge Light Systems

+

Threshold lights

AIM 2−1−4. Runway Edge Light Systems

Outline edges of runway when dark or restricted visibility

High Intensity Runway Lights (HIRL), var intensity cntrls

Medium Intensity Runway Lights (MIRL),  var intensity cntrls

and the Low Intensity Runway Lights (LIRL). Single intensity

white, expt instr rnwys yellow last 2,000 ft or 1/2 the rnwy length, form a caution zone for landings.

Threshold lights

lights marking the ends of the runway

emit red light inward indicate end 

emit green outward indicate threshold

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RCLS

AIM 2−1−5. In−runway Lighting

Runway Centerline Light System

> precision approach rnwys - for adverse vis conds.

> along centerline /spaced at 50−foot intervals.

> white to last 3,000 feet of rnwy /  alt red/white for 2,000 ft, / last 1,000 ft all red.

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TDZL

AIM 2-1-5. In-runway Lighting

Touchdown Zone Lights

> some precision approach runways - indicate touchdown zone landing under adverse vis condtns.

> two rows of light bars on both sides of runway centerline. 

> steady−burning white lights start 100 ft, extend to 3,000 ft beyond the threshold or midpt of the rnwy if less.

[image]

Taxiway Centerline Lead -on / Lead−Off Lights.

AIM 2−1−5. In−runway Lighting

Taxiway Centerline Lead−on/ off Lights.

> Provide visual guidance to persons entering / exiting runway.

> warn pilots and vehicle drivers that they are within the runway environment or instrument landing system (ILS) critical area, 

> Alt green / yellow lights are installed, bgng with green, from rnwy centerline to beyond the runway holding position or ILS critical area holding position.

> Lead on lights coordinate with red stop bar lights - i.e. Lead on lights turn on after stop bar lights turned off to indicate visual clearance to cross hold short line and taxi onto runway

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LaHSO Lights

AIM 2−1−5. In−runway Lighting

Land and Hold Short Lights.

> indicate the hold short point on certain runways.

> row of pulsing white lights installed across the runway at the hold short point.

> Where installed, the lights will be on anytime LAHSO is in effect. / off when LAHSO is not in effect.

[image]

Describe the 4 types of lights associated with the RWSL System

AIM 2−1−6. Runway Status Light (RWSL) System

Automated - independent of ATC. Indicates runway is occupied.

RWSL’s Must be off and ATC clearance must be issued to proceed. Contact ATC if in conflict

Operate w/ transponder/ADS−B “On” while taxiing

Runway Entrance Lights (REL) –

Takeoff Hold Lights (THL),

Runway Intersection Lights (RIL),

Final Approach Runway Occupancy Signal (FAROS)

- flashing the PAPI - at 300 ft AGL? Contact ATC, initiate go-around

Note AIM 2-1-7- standalone FAROS  at some airports

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Describe Pilot Control of Airport Lighting

AIM 2-1-8. Pilot Control of Airport Lighting

airborne control of lights through CTAF frequency (see chart supplement) by keying the aircraft's microphone 7 times.

when no control tower / FSS or part‐time

Key additional times for intensity 3 - low, 5- medium, 7- high intensity.

illuminated for 15 minutes

Airport/Facility Directory contains descriptions of pilot controlled lighting systems for each airport having other than FAA approved systems, and explains the type lights, method of control, and operating frequency.

Describe airport beacon colors

Beacon operation times and indications?

AIM 2-1-10. Airport/Heliport Beacons

Effective from one to ten deg above horizon; omnidirectional, or rotate prod flashes at reg intervals.

flashes: 24 to 30 /min for airports, landmarks, pts on Fed airwys. (Vs. 30 to 45 per min for heliports)

Civil color combos:

White / Green (and Green alone) - Lighted land airport.

White / Yellow (and Yellow alone) - Lighted water airport.

Green, Yellow, and White- Lighted heliport.

Military airport - alt white / green, but are dualpeaked.

G – w-w, G-w-w, etc.

In Class B, C, D and E surface areas, operation of the airport beacon during the hours of daylight MAY indicate that the ground visibility is less than 3 miles and/or the ceiling is < 1,000 ft.

But Note: ATC clearance is required for landing, takeoff and flight in the traffic pattern.

Pilots should not rely on airport beacon to indicate if weather conditions are IFR or VFR.

ATC may turn beacon off when controls are in the tower /

at other airports beacon cannot be controlled by ATC.

no regulatory requirement for day ops /pilot's responsibility to preflight plan

[image]

Describe colors and placement of taxiway lights.

How do the two systems of lights

at holding positions function?

AIM 2−1−11. Taxiway Lights

Taxiway Edge Lights.  emit blue light.

variable intensity / adjusted at pilot request or necessary by ATC

Taxiway Centerline Lights. - steady green light.

Clearance Bar Lights / Runway Guard Lights (wig-wag's)

identify holding positions or intersecting taxiways - cross only after given ATC clearance.

> Clearance Bar Lights - 3 steady−burning yellow lights.

> Runway Guard Lights -Elevated flashing yellow lights either side of the taxiway, in−pavement yellow across the taxiway,

  [image]

e. Stop Bar Lights. -confirm the ATC clearance to enter active runway (low vis; below 1,200 ft Runway Visual Range). Stop while illuminated.

> steady red, across taxiway, at the rnwy holding position,

and elevated steady red lights on each side.

> Alternate with taxiway centerline lead−on lights - Following the ATC clearance to proceed, the stop bar is turned off and the lead−on lights are turned on.

[image]

Describe runway lighting device

colors/location/function

AIM 2-1-2,3,4,5 Runway lighting

ALS - approach light system - white cross; Vert + Hrzntl for IFR

REIL - Rnwy End Ind lts - flash white, ends of RNWY threshold

Threshold lights - green across rnwy; Red far end

Runway Edge lights - white, (yellow last 2000' of rnwy)

RCLS - runway centerline light system - white; alt R/W 3000 - 1000' of RNWY, Red last 1000'

TDZL - touchdown zone lts - white on both sides of RCLS; to 3000' ft from threshold

Taxiway lead off/on lights - alt G/Y to all G once across hold short line on taxiway.

LaSHO lights - land and hold short lights - flashing white at LaSHO line across runway - when LaSHO in effect.

RWSL - runway status light system - Red; automated, not ATC controlled; warn of aircraft on runway. 

2-2-3 Obstruction lights

Describe Obstruction Lights

2-2-3. Obstruction Lights

Red Obstruction Lights: daylight hours, aviation orange and white paint is used for marking

flashing red light nighttime - indicates the marking of an en-route obstruction (20 to 40 flashes / min)

Steady red lights used in the terminal area

Medium Intensity Flashing White :

>may be used during day. When used on structures 500 feet (153m) AGL or less in height,

>Aviation orange and white paint is always required for day time marking on structures exceeding 500' AGL

>Not normally installed on structures less than 200' AGL

High Intensity White Obstruction Light:

Flashing high intensity white lights during daytime with reduced intensity for twilight and night-time operation

When this type of system is used, the marking of structures with red obstruction lights and aviation orange and white paint may be omitted

High intensity flashing white lights are also employed to identify tall structures, such as chimneys and towers, as obstructions to air navigation

The lights provide a 360° coverage about the structure at 40 flashes per minute and consist of from one to seven levels of lights depending upon the height of the structure

Where more than one level is used the vertical banks flash simultaneously

2−3−2. Airport Pavement Markings

What colors distinguish runway markings from taxiway and holding positions?

2−3−2. Airport Pavement Markings

Runway Markings are white.

heliport landing area markings are also white

except for hospitals use a red “H” on a white cross.

[image]

Markings for taxiways, areas not intended for use by aircraft (closed and hazardous areas), and holding positions (on a runway) are yellow.

2−3−3. Runway Markings. General.

Describe markings for the two Non-precision approach runway configurations.

2−3−3. Runway Markings. General.

Visual Runway

Designation Marking  (magnetic orientation to nearest degree) and Centerline marking -  For two/three parallel runways “L” “C” “R.”

Centerline Marking. Alignment guidance tkf/ ld. Uniform stripes / gaps.

Nonprecision Instrument Runway

Aiming point marking - visual aiming point for a landing aircraft. two rectangular broad white stripe located each side of the runway centerline and approx 1,000 feet from the threshold.

Threshold Markings. two configurations. eight stripes uniform symmetrically or the number of stripes is related to the runway width. (4 stripes = 60 feet, 6 stripes = 75 feet, 8 stripes = 100 feet, 12 stripes = 150 feet , 16 stripes = 200 feet). Identify the beginning of the runway available for landing.

[image]

2−3−3. Runway Markings. Precision instrument Runway

Describe markings on a precision instrument approach runway

2−3−3. Runway Markings. Precision instrument Runway

Runway Touchdown Zone Markers. provide distance information in 500 ft increments. groups of one, two, and three rectangular bars sym in pairs about the rnwy ctrline. Eliminated to within 900 ft of the midpoint

[image]

Runway Side Stripe Marking. provide contrast b/t  runway and shoulders. continuous white

Runway Shoulder Markings. yellow identify pavement areas contiguous to the runway sides / not intended for use by aircraft.

[image]

2−3−3. Runway Markings. General.

Describe markings to indicate when runway not at beginning of pavement.

2−3−3. Runway Markings. General.

Relocation of a Threshold. Yellow. closes a portion of the approach end; also shortens the length of the opposite direction runway. NOTAM issued (ex 10/28 W 900 CLSD). methods identifying the new threshold may vary. One common practice is to use a ten feet wide white threshold bar across the width of the runway.

Runway Threshold Bar. white. delineates the beginning of the runway that is available for landing when the threshold has been relocated or displaced. 10 ft wide.

Displaced Threshold. reduces the length of runway available for landings. runway behind a displaced threshold is available for takeoffs in either direction and landings from the opposite direction. White arrow heads are located across the width of the runway just prior to the threshold bar. Threshold displaced to provide clearance during final leg of approach?

Demarcation Bar. yellow A demarcation bar delineates a runway with a displaced threshold from a blast pad, stopway, or taxiway that precedes the runway.

Chevrons. yellow. show pavement areas aligned with the runway that are unusable for landing, takeoff, and taxiing. Show blastpads or stopways

[image]

2−3−3. Runway Markings. General.

Describe the three types of runway marking patterns

2−3−3. Runway Markings. General.

Visual Runway

Designation Marking  (magnetic orientation to nearest degree) and Centerline marking -  For two/three parallel runways “L” “C” “R.” 

Centerline Marking. Alignment guidance tkf/ ld. Uniform stripes / gaps.

Non-precision Instrument Runway 

Aiming point marking - visual aiming point for a landing aircraft. two rectangular broad white stripe located each side of the runway centerline and approx 1,000 feet from the threshold.

Threshold Markings. two configurations. eight stripes uniform symmetrically or the number of stripes is related to the runway width. (4 stripes = 60 feet, 6 stripes = 75 feet, 8 stripes = 100 feet, 12 stripes = 150 feet , 16 stripes = 200 feet). Identify the beginning of the runway available for landing.

precision instrument runway

Runway Touchdown Zone Markers. provide distance information in 500 ft increments. groups of one, two, and three rectangular bars sym in pairs about the rnwy ctrline. Eliminated to within 900 ft of the midpoint

Runway Side Stripe Marking. provide contrast b/t  runway and shoulders. continuous white

Runway Shoulder Markings. yellow identify pavement areas contiguous to the runway sides / not intended for use by aircraft.   

[image]

2−3−4. Taxiway (surface painted) Markings

Describe taxiway surface painted markings

2−3−4. Taxiway Markings

[image]

Normal Centerline. single continuous yellow line.

Enhanced Centerline. parallel line of yellow dashes on either side of the normal taxiway centerline. max 150 ft prior to a runway holding position marking

[image]

Continuous Edge Markings. continuous double yellow line, define the taxiway edge from the shoulder or other paved surface not for use by aircraft.

Dashed Edge Markings. broken double yellow line, define the edge of a taxiway or taxi-lane on a paved surface where the adjoining pavement to the taxiway edge is intended for use by aircraft (ex. an apron).  

[image]

Taxi Shoulder Markings. Yellow. indicate the pavement is unusable.

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Surface Painted Taxiway Direction Signs. Black on yellow background. Left turn signs on left, right turn signs on right of centerline.

Surface Painted Location Signs. Yellow on black background / right side of the centerline. Confirms the designation of the taxiway on which the aircraft is located.

[image]

Geographic Position Markings. black ring + white ring with a pink circle in the middle / left of the taxiway centerline.  Low vis ops - < 1200 ft. .  number / number + letter. Corresponds to position on the route.

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Taxiway holding markings - single dashed yellow.

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Runway holding position markings 

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ILS Critical area holding markings

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2-3-5 Holding Position Markings

Describe taxiway / runway hold position markings and operations

2-3-5 Holding Position Markings

ID where aircraft MUST STOP / Must receive clearance to proceed onto the runway. / solid lines on the side where the aircraft must hold. no part of the aircraft extends beyond the holding position marking. Aircraft exiting a runway is not clear of the runway until all parts of the aircraft have crossed the HPM

[image]

Taxiways. -  ID the boundary of the runway safety area (RSA).

ATC: “Hold short of Runway XX,”  

Approach Areas. aircraft does not interfere with the ops on that runway. ATC: “Hold short of Runway XX approach or Runway XX departure area,”

Intersecting Taxiways - single dashed line.

ATC: “Hold short of Taxiway XX,”

Instrument Landing System (ILS). ILS critical areas - when instructed by ATC, pilots must not cross the marking without clearance. White on a red background is located adjacent to these hold position markings.

[image]

Runways. - LaHSO + Taxiing ops / aircraft MUST STOP. 

ATC: “Cleared to land Runway XX, hold short of Runway YY”

- exit or stop at the HPM prior to Runway YY.

Red sign with white lettering  adjacent to these HPM's

Surface Painted Holding Position Signs. red with white lettering - taxiway > 200 ft. width / left side of the taxiway centerline

 [image]

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Relocation of a Threshold. Yellow. closes a portion of the approach end; also shortens the length of the opposite direction runway. NOTAM issued (ex 10/28 W 900 CLSD). methods identifying the new threshold may vary. One common practice is to use a ten feet wide white threshold bar across the width of the runway.

[image]

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Displaced Threshold. reduces the length of runway available for landings. runway behind a displaced threshold is available for takeoffs in either direction and landings from the opposite direction. White arrow heads are located across the width of the runway just prior to the threshold bar. Threshold displaced to provide clearance during final leg of approach?

Identify the markings

[image]

Type of runway approach pattern?

 "23" ?

10 lines at the start of rnwy indicates?

pattern of lll, ll, l marking lines indicate?

Large solid white blocks called? Distance?

Yellow double solid, double dashed lines?

Arrows below the rwny?

What do the yellow chevrons indicate?

demarcation vs. Threshold bar

Precision instrument approach

Designation Marking  

Centerline Marking

Aiming point marking

Threshold Markings

Threshold Bar

Runway Touchdown Zone Markers

Runway Side Stripe Marking.

Runway Shoulder Markings

runway hold short marking

displaced threshold

Blastpad/stopway

demarcation bar

taxiway centerline

2-3-6  Other Markings

Vehicle Roadway Markings / VOR Receiver Checkpoint Markings / Nonmovement Area Boundary Markings / Closed Runways and Taxiways / Helicopter Landing Areas

2-3-6  Other Markings

Vehicle Roadway Markings.  define pathway for vehicle ops on or crossing areas for aircraft. white solid line Or zipper markings

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VOR Receiver Checkpoint Markings.  to check aircraft instruments with navigational aid signals

[image]

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Nonmovement Area Boundary Markings. yellow on the boundary between the movement and nonmovement area. solid on the nonmovement area side, dashed yellow line on the movement area side.

[image]

Marking and Lighting of Permanently Closed Runways and Taxiways.  permanently closed, lighting circuits will be disconnected. Yellow crosses are placed at each end of the runway and at 1,000 foot intervals.

Temporarily Closed Runways and Taxiways. Yellow crosses or raised lighted yellow crosses on each runway end

[image]

Helicopter Landing Areas.  The letter “H” in the markings is oriented to align with the intended direction of approach. 

[image]

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A) (surface painted runway) holding position marker

B) ILS Critical area marker

C) vehicle lanes marking

D) (runway) Holding position marker

E) Taxiway holding position marker

F) Taxiway (continuous) edge marking

[image]

A) runway holding position sign (bgng rnwy 4 is to the Lft, bgng rnwy 22 is to the Rt)

B) Holding position for runway approach area (for landing IFR arcft)

C) holding position for ILS critical area (for landing IFR arcft)

D) No aircraft entry

E) Taxiway location sign (You're on txwy B)

F) Runway location sign (You're on rnwy 22)

G) runway boundary sign (move past this to be clear of the rnwy)

H) ILS critical area boundary (move past this to be clear of ILS crtcl area)

I) Direction/destination sign (turn right to the airport terminal)

J) Direction to runway sign (on txwy, turn right to get to rnwy 22 )

K) Direction to taxiway sign (right turn onto txwy B)

L) Runway distance remaining sign (on rnwy, 4000 ft remaining)

M) Runway LaHSO sign (txwy? Land/hold short line for rnwy 1)

N) taxiway ending marker (end of rnwy)

2−3−7. Airport Signs

What color conventions are used for airport signage?

2−3−7. Airport Signs

six types of signs:

mandatory instruction signs,

location signs,

direction signs,

destination signs,

 information signs, and

runway distance remaining signs.

RED: Mandatory Instruction Signs:

red background with a white inscription

Runway Holding Position Sign:

Runway Approach Area Holding Position Sign:

ILS Critical Area Holding Position Sign:

No Entry Sign:  

Yellow background with a black inscription

Direction Signs:

Destination Signs:

Information Signs:

Location Signs: taxiway or runway

Taxiway Location Sign: black w/ yellow inscription / yellow border

Runway Location Sign: black w/ yellow inscription and yellow border

Runway Boundary Sign: yellow w/ black inscription 

faces the runway - visible to pilot exiting runway,

adjacent to the holding position marking on the pavement visual cue to when they are "clear of the runway"

ILS Critical Area Boundary Sign:

yellow with a black inscription

adjacent to ILS holding position marking

seen by pilots leaving the critical area

visual cue ensure "clear of the ILS critical area"

Runway Distance Remaining Signs:

black with a white numeral / distance (in thousands of feet) of landing runway remaining

[image]

2−3−8. Mandatory Instruction Signs

Describe mandatory instruction sign color and usage

2−3−8. Mandatory Instruction Signs

Mandatory signs have a red background with a white inscription used to denote an entrance to a runway or critical area and areas where an aircraft is prohibited from entering

Runway Holding Position Sign:

[image]

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Runway Approach Area Holding Position Sign:

[image]

ILS Critical Area Holding Position Sign:

[image]

No Entry Sign:  

[image]

2−3−9. Location Signs

2−3−9. Location Signs

1. Taxiway Location Sign.

black background with a yellow inscription and yellow border,

[image]

shows taxiway where aircraft is located. See FIG 2−3−35 and FIG 2−3−31.)

 [image]

2. Runway Location Sign. black background with a yellow inscription and yellow border, as shown in FIG 2−3−32.

 [image]

shows runway where aircraft is located. complement magnetic compass / installed where two runways are close

3. Runway Boundary Sign. ("safety area/object free zone boundary") yellow background with a black inscription with a graphic depicting the pavement holding position marking, as shown in FIG 2−3−33.

  [image]

faces the runway and is visible to the pilot exiting the runway, / provide pilots visual cue - “clear of the runway.”

4. ILS Critical Area Boundary Sign. yellow background with a black inscription with a graphic depicting the ILS pavement holding position marking as shown in FIG 2−3−34.

adjacent to the ILS holding position marking on the pavement visible to pilots leaving the critical area. provide pilots visual cue which

“clear of the ILS critical area.”

2-3-10 Direction Signs

2-3-10 Direction Signs

yellow with a black inscription accompanied by an arrow indicating the direction of the turn.

normally located on the left prior to the intersection

[image]

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2-3-11 Destination signs

Destination Signs

Destination signs also have a yellow background with a black inscription indicating a destination on the airport.

have an arrow showing the direction of the taxiing route to that destination. 

Destinations include runways, aprons, terminals, military areas, civil aviation areas, cargo areas, international areas, and fixed base operators

[image]

2-3-12 Information Signs

Information signs

(colors, use/function)

2-3-12 Information Signs

yellow with a black inscription.

provide information on such things as areas that cannot be seen from the control tower, applicable radio frequencies, and noise abatement procedures.

[image]

2-3-13 Runway Distance Remaining Signs

black background with a white numeral inscription installed along one or both side(s) of the runway.

The number on the signs indicates the distance (in thousands of feet) of landing runway remaining.

[image]

2-3-14 Aircraft Arresting Systems

Describe the two systems (structure and markings)

2-3-14 Aircraft Arresting Systems

EMERGENCY ARRESTING GEAR, generally consists of pendant cables supported over the runway surface by rubber “donuts.” Although most devices are located in the overrun areas, a few of these arresting systems have cables stretched over the operational areas near the ends of a runway.

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Engineered Materials Arresting Systems (EMAS). EMAS, which is constructed of high energy-absorbing materials of selected strength, is located in the safety area beyond the end of the runway. EMAS will be marked with yellow chevrons. EMAS is designed to crush under the weight of commercial aircraft and will exert deceleration forces on the landing gear.

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2-3-15 SIDA

SIDA?

2-3-15 Security Identification Display Area (SIDA)

> SIDAs limited access areas / require a badge

> Air Operations Area (AOA), e.g., aircraft movement area or parking area; AOA may not be a SIDA, but a Secured Area is always a SIDA.

> or a Secured Area, such as where commercial passengers enplane.

> Pilots or passengers without proper identification that are observed entering a SIDA may be reported to the TSA or airport security

> > > Pilots are advised to brief passengers accordingly.

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