Term
| How much of the land in the US is owned by farmers and ranchers? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many acres of prime agriculture land are in the US? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much of the US's prime agriculture land is located in metropolitan areas? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How many agriculture acres are lost annually to development? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the dominant land us in the US? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many acres does it take to provide a year's worth of food for a US citizen? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many acres does it take to provide a year's worth of food in most of the world? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How many total agriculture acres are there in the US? |
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Definition
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Term
| Between 1997 and 2002 the number of small farms (50 to 500 acres) decreased by __%. |
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Definition
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Term
| Between 1997 and 2002 the number of medium sized farms (500 acres to 1000 acres) decreased by __%. |
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Definition
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Term
| Between 1997 and 2002 the number of large farms (over 2000 acres) increased by __% |
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Definition
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Term
| According to the APA Policy Guide on Community and Regional Food Systems what effect do current land use patterns have on food systems? |
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Definition
| Current land use patterns are threatening our capacity to obtain fresh, local food. In addition, rural communities are becoming more economically insecure and degrades historic land stewardship practices. |
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Term
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Definition
| A function of increased levels of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere. |
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Term
| Over the past 100 years surface temperatures have increased by __ degrees F. |
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Definition
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Term
| Over the past 100 years precipitation has increased by __%. |
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Definition
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Term
| Over the past 100 years sea levels have risen by about _____ inches. |
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Definition
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Term
| What three factors contribute to the vulnerability of coastal areas? |
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Definition
| Wave height, coastal slope, and shoreline erosion. |
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Term
| How many acres of reservation land are held in trust by the federal government? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many acres of "trust" land are in Alaska? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the largest single reservation in the US? |
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Definition
| The Navajo reservation at 16 million acres. It stretches across Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico. |
|
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Term
| How many reservations are there in the US? |
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Definition
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Term
| Of the 275 reservations, how many are entirely tribal-owned (not held in trust)? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many acres are there in the entire US? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much of the entire US is publicly owned and managed by either the Department of the Interior or the US Forest Service? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many acres of national forest are there in the US? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do rural residents obtain the majority of their drinking water? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do most urban residents get their drinking water? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which aquifer is located below 20% of the irrigated land in the US? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the US, water consumption for routine household showering, flushing, food prep, and washing averages __ gallons per day. |
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Definition
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Term
| Overall water consumption per person per day may be as high as ___ to ___ gallons. |
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Definition
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Term
| What pollutant is now the main threat to water supplies? |
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Definition
| Non-point source pollutants |
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Term
| What percentage of US waterways do not meet drinkable or swimmable standards? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 6 key pollutants regulated under the Clean Air Act? |
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Definition
| Nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, lead, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and particulates |
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Term
| Air quality depends on _______ and _________. |
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Definition
| Temperature and wind speed |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lines on a map indicating where noise levels are equivalent. |
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Term
| What is a common maximum noise standard? |
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Definition
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Term
| George Perkins Marsh (1801-1882) |
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Definition
| Wrote Man and Nature, 1863. Explored the destructive impact of human action on the natural environment and inspired the conservationist movement. |
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Term
| John Wesley Powell (1834-1902) |
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Definition
| Wrote Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the United States. Proposed a regional plan that would foster settlement and conserve water resources. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Founded the Sierra Club in 1892 |
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Term
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Definition
| 26th President, supporter of the conservation movement, established the Inland Waterway Commission in 1907 to plan watersheds |
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Term
|
Definition
| First professionally trained forester in the US, first director of the US Forest Service (1905), leader of the conservation movement |
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Term
|
Definition
| Coined the term "greenway" in his book, The Last Landscape, wrote a pioneering study on conservation easements |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Established in 1879 to survey and classify all public lands |
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Term
| First national Wildlife refuge? |
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Definition
| 1903, Pelican Island, FL, established by T. Roosevelt to protect the brown pelican |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Metropolitan Water District of Southern California? |
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Definition
| 1927, established to bring water from the Colorado River to southern California |
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Term
| Civilian Conservation Corps? |
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Definition
| 1933, created to provide work for unemployed youth |
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Term
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Definition
| 1933, created to provide multipurpose and unified rehabilitation and redevelopment in the Tennessee Valley, most famous experiment in river basin planning |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1934, regulated the use of the range in the West for conservation purposes |
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Term
| Natural Resources Planning Board |
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Definition
| 1939, created to assist in the preparation of a comprehensive plan for public works, succeeded by National Resources Planning Board, which was abolished in 1943 |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1941, developed on the Columbia River in Washington state, largest concrete structure in the US, heart of the Columbia Basin Project |
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Term
| Earth Resources Technology Satellite |
|
Definition
| 1972, Landsat, launched to acquire high-resolution images of the earth's surface |
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Term
| Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. vs. Volpe, 1971 |
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Definition
1. USSC established the "hard look" doctrine for environmental impact review
2. Decision of Secretary of Transportation to construct a highway through Overton Park was overturned because no consideration had been given to finding an alternative route |
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Term
| Calvert Cliffs Coordinating Committee vs. US Atomic Energy Commission, 1971 |
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Definition
| DC Circuit Court concluded that the USAEC environmental policies did not comply with NEPA |
|
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Term
| Just vs. Marinette County, 1972 |
|
Definition
1. Wisconsin Supreme Court upheld a zoning ordinance that restricted development on a wetland next to navigable waters
2. Established that environmental protection regulations are a reasonable use of police power and does not constitute a taking
3. Natural state of the shore land is a public interest that supersedes individual landowner's rights |
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Term
| Sierra Club vs. Morton, 1972 |
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Definition
| USSC ruled that Sierra Club did not have "standing" to sue the US Forest Service for permitting a ski resort in the sequoia national forest |
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Term
|
Definition
1. USSC determined that the Secretary of the Interior has the authority to decide if a federal activity threatens an endangered species
2. Enforcement of the ESA halted construction on the Tellico Dam for an endangered fish known as the Tennessee Snail Darter |
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Term
| Agins vs. City of Tiburon, 1980 |
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Definition
1. USSC ruled that open space requirements did not constitute a taking
2. Established the principle that governmental action was not a regulatory taking if it substantially advanced a legitimate government purpose |
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Term
|
Definition
| Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that an absentee landowner is liable for partial removal of hazardous waste stored by the entity that was leasing the land |
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Term
| General Electric Co. vs. Litton Industrial Automation Systems, 1990 |
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Definition
Eighth Circuit Court validated the CERCLA (Superfund) Act.
Requires clean up of hazardous waste sites and is a strict liability statute rarely open to interpretation. |
|
|
Term
| What does CERCLA stand for? |
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Definition
| Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act |
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Term
| Babbit vs. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Greater Oregon, 1996 |
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Definition
| USSC decided that government can restrict land development to protect endangered species. Validates that the definition of harm includes significant habitat modification or degradation that kills or injures wildlife. |
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Term
| Palazzolo vs. State of Rhode Island, 2001 |
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Definition
Palazzolo wanted to fill 18 acres of salt marsh and clained that environmental protection laws constituted a taking.
USSC decided that since he purchased that land after the regulations went into effect and since the regulations had not removed all viable economic use of his property that it was not a taking. |
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Term
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Definition
| Created fund from the sale of public land in the arid western states to supply water through construction of storage and irrigation projects. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1905, Gifford Pinchot was the first director. Encouraged the wise use of forest resources. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1935, Administered by USDA, Created SCS (now NRCS), made the prevention of soil erosion a national priority |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1964, Johnson administration, established a National Wilderness Preservation System, prohibited development, settlement, or road building within the boundaries of wilderness areas. |
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Term
| National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) |
|
Definition
| 1969, established a broad national framework for environmental protection,required an environmental impact statement (ESA) for all federal or federally funded action that may effect the environment, acknowledged the importance of open and public decision making in environmental decisions |
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Term
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Definition
| May include examination of environmental, cultural, social, educational, and economic impacts, often refers to the implementation of a NEPA process |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1970, protect public health and welfare by limiting air pollution emissions and exposure to ambient air pollutants, created NAAQS and required non-attainment areas to develop strategies to achieve compliance |
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Term
|
Definition
| National Ambient Air Quality Standards |
|
|
Term
| What does primacy mean under the Clean Air Act? |
|
Definition
| States have the primary responsibility to enforce compliance with air pollution standards. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1970, purpose to enforce environmental laws like the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act |
|
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Term
| Coastal Zone management Act |
|
Definition
| 1972, administered by NOAA, applies to any state that borders oceans, gulf, or great lakes, created a voluntary National Coastal Management Program, participating states map their coastal areas and identify ways to control land uses and protect the coastal environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1972, regulates water quality of lakes and rivers by using NPDES permitting process, set wastewater standards for industry and surface water contaminants, Section 404 protects wetlands and requires a permit for filling wetlands |
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Term
|
Definition
| National Pollution Discharge Elimination System |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 1972, authorized by the Clean Water Act |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1973, established a federal list of endangered species, authorized federal assistance for species protection and conservation, requires consultation with Fish and Wildlife Service for development near species, applies to all land |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1974, set standards for drinking water, covers all waters actually or potentially used for drinking, all owners or operators of public water systems are required to comply |
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Term
| Energy Policy Conservation Act |
|
Definition
| 1975, response to the 1973-74 Arab oil embargo, established CAFE standards |
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Term
|
Definition
| Corporate Average Fuel Economy |
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|
Term
| Resource Conservation and Recovery Act |
|
Definition
| 1976, cradle to grave legislation for hazardous waste, gave EPA authority to control the generation, treatment, storage, transport, and disposal of hazardous waste |
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Term
| Toxic Substances Control Act |
|
Definition
| 1976, gave EPA authority to track industrial chemicals that are produced or imported into the US, requires reporting and testing, gave EPA authority to ban manufacture and/or import of chemicals |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1980, superfund act, created liability for persons discharging hazardous waste into the environment, taxed polluting industries to establish a trust fund for cleanup, established cleanup requirements for waste sites, can be applied retroactively |
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Term
| Coastal Barrier Resources Act |
|
Definition
| 1982, designates various undeveloped coastal barrier islands for inclusion in the Coastal Barrier Resources System, ineligible for federal assistance that would promote development (i.e. flood insurance) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 1986, reauthorized CERCLA and stressed the importance of permanent remedies and the use of new technology, increased state involvement at all levels of the Superfund program, encouraged public participation |
|
|
Term
| What does SARA stand for? |
|
Definition
| Superfund Amendments and Re-authorization Act |
|
|
Term
| Community Right-to-Know Act |
|
Definition
| 1986, required certain industries to furnish annual reports about amount and type of toxic substances they generate |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1990, Created cap and trade system for reducing sulfur dioxide (acid rain), allowed EPA to withhold federal highway funds for failing to meet air quality standards, set limits on the quantity of a pollutant that can be in the air, required states to create and implement a State Implementation Program (SIP) for metro areas that do not meet NAAQS |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1991, requires coordination between states and metro areas for air quality standards |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1996, provided federal control of pesticide sale distribution and use, requires pesticide uses to register with the EPA, all users must pass a certification exam in order to apply pesticides |
|
|
Term
| What does FIFRA stand for? |
|
Definition
| Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1996, administered by USDA, voluntary program that provides assistance to eligible landowners to be good stewards of their land, receive financial incentives to protect, restore, and enhance |
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Term
|
Definition
| 2002, established a national preparedness plan for bioterrorism and other public health emergencies, enhanced control on toxins and harmful biological agents, protected the safety of food, drugs, and drinking water |
|
|
Term
| Preservation vs. Conservation |
|
Definition
Preservation = John Muir, wilderness
Conservation = Gifford Pinchot, wise use of resources |
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Term
|
Definition
| UN Conference on Environment and Development in 1992 |
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Term
|
Definition
| acknowledges that race and class are powerful determinants in the location of hazardous waste, Pres. Clinton issued executive order in 1994 establishing environmental justice as the responsibility of all federal agencies |
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Term
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Definition
| more than 1,200 in the US, 36% fish, 35% amphibians, 17% mammals, and 11% birds; Hawaii has the most - over 100 |
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Term
|
Definition
| largest population of any given species that a certain habitat can support |
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Term
|
Definition
The average size of a new detached single family home has increased from 1100 SF 50 years ago to 2340 SF.
From 1990 to 2000 annual per capita gas consumption went from 405 to 430 gallons |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the ability of insulation above ceilings and in walls to keep heat inside during winter and outside during summer; a higher R-Factor means it is a better barrier, single pane glass has an R-factor of 1 |
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Term
|
Definition
| all the land in a planning area is analyzed in terms of development cost, incorporates geologic, hydrologic, and soil data |
|
|
Term
| Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) |
|
Definition
| A measure of how much dissolved oxygen is being consumed as microbes break down organic matter. |
|
|
Term
| What can a high BOD indicate? |
|
Definition
| That levels of dissolved oxygen are falling with potentially dangerous consequences for the water body's biodiversity. |
|
|
Term
| Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) |
|
Definition
| Coordinates federal environmental efforts; congress established CEQ within the executive office as part of NEPA |
|
|
Term
| Potentially Responsible Party (PRP) |
|
Definition
| Related to Superfund sites and the Superfund Enforcement Tracking System |
|
|
Term
| National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) |
|
Definition
| Additional standards include asbestos, vinyl chloride, benzene, arsenic, beryllium, mercury, radon, and radionuclides |
|
|
Term
| Hazardous Air Pollutant (HAP) |
|
Definition
| An air pollutant for which NAAQS standards do not exist and which can pose serious health risks. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The pressure exerted on a column of fluid. This causes water in the aquifer to rise to the potentiometric surface. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An aquifer that is in contact with atmospheric pressure, the potentiometric surface is the level of the water table. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Vertical difference between water levels at high and low tide. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A glacial landform shaped like half a hardboiled egg cut lengthwise; the long axis indicates the direction of glacial flow. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A long narrow hill of sand and gravel in an area once covered by ice. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A glacial deposit of rock and soil. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Algae, plant, and animal materials that accumulate on beaches at the high water mark. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of chemical, hydrological, and biological aspects of lakes and ponds. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Describes a lake with few nutrients and little organic material |
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Term
|
Definition
| Runs through North Dakota, South Dakota, and the Oklahoma panhandle; marks the east, which receives 20 inches or more of precipitation per year as opposed to the west. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Accumulation of excess phosphorous can contribute to an algal bloom; derived from point sources such as municipal wastewater treatment and industrial runoff. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Excess accumulation can be hazardous to human health; commonly derived from fertilizers, wastewater, and domestic animals; 10 ppm or less is ok. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Nutrient enrichment of aquatic ecosystems; kills lakes and ponds |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An explosive greenhouse gas that results from landfill decomp, septic systems, wetlands, oil exploration, and elsewhere. |
|
|
Term
| Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) |
|
Definition
| Used in electric transformers from 1926 to 1976; pose a serious health risk; banned in 1979 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| EPA has identified 73 sole source aquifers, which provide the bulk of drinking water for an area. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Seasonal wetlands that hold water for about two months during the spring and serve as breeding grounds for amphibians, but do not contain fish. |
|
|
Term
| Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) |
|
Definition
| Highly mobile organic compound such as petroleum, hydrocarbons, and solvents that readily evaporate. |
|
|
Term
| Traditional color for industry? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Traditional color for high density housing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Traditional color for utilities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 10,000 sq. meters or 2.471 acres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1,000 meters or 3,281 feet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| square ft of building / square ft of lot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| New York 1916, covered entire city, drafted by Edward Bassett |
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|
Term
| First urban growth boundary |
|
Definition
| Lexington and Fayette County, Kentucky 1958 |
|
|
Term
| "Regional Survey of New York and its Environs" |
|
Definition
| Published in 1928,viewed land use as a function of accessibility |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Adopted in 1973, created a statewide planning system and required identification of urban growth boundaries to separate urban and rural |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Developed the comprehensive plan for Cincinnati (Euclid v. Ambler), served as the first president of the American Society of Planning Officials |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Regulates size, form, appearance, and placement rather than use and density |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Describes development as a continuum of six zones; identifies different three-dimensional development standards for the hierarchy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Focuses on intensity and environmental impact over use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Has two meanings:
1. Reducing density and/or intensity
2. Moving "down" the cumulative zoning hierarchy - so actually increasing the density/intensity |
|
|
Term
| Extraterritorial Jurisdiction (ETJ) |
|
Definition
| Authority granted by some states to municipalities to impose zoning and subdivision regulations beyond its boundaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A claim is ready for judicial review only after a property owner has sought all possible relief through, for example, variance or condemnation procedures; party established by Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank (1985) |
|
|
Term
| Hadacheck v. Sebastian, 1915 |
|
Definition
| Brick yard in LA; USSC ruled that restricting certain nuisance land uses was a legitimate exercise of police power |
|
|
Term
| Pennsylvannia Coal Co. v Mahon, 1922 |
|
Definition
| First decision holding that a land use restriction constituted a taking; USSC, "property may be regulated to a certain extent, but if a regulation goes too far it becomes a taking." |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 1954, USSC upheld that aesthetics and a redevelopment program were valid public purposes for exercising eminent domain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NYCA ruled that ordinance prohibiting clotheslines for strictly aesthetic reasons was a valid exercise of police power |
|
|
Term
| Cheney vs. Village 2 at New Hope, 1968 |
|
Definition
| SC of Penn. found that the PUD process did not violate the comp. plan and did not extend legislative power to the planning commission |
|
|
Term
| Construction Industry Association of Sonoma County vs. City of Petaluma, 1971 |
|
Definition
| Upholds the right of a city to establish restrictions/quotas on growth as long as they are applied equally |
|
|
Term
| Spurr Industries vs. Del E. Webb Development CO., 1972 |
|
Definition
| Arizona Court ruled that existing cattle operation had to move to accommodate additional urban growth, but the developer had to pay damages and expenses |
|
|
Term
| Golden vs. Planning Board of the Town of Ramapo, 1972 |
|
Definition
| Landmark case supporting concurrency regulations |
|
|
Term
| Fasano vs. Board of County Commissioners of Washington County, 1973 |
|
Definition
| Established that the burden of proof to justify a zoning change is on the applicant; must show consistency with the comprehensive plan |
|
|
Term
| Associated Home Builders of the Greater East Bay, Inc. vs. City of Livermore |
|
Definition
| Upheld a California concurrent services ordinance |
|
|
Term
| Young vs. American Minitheaters, 1976 |
|
Definition
| USSC upheld an "adult" zoning ordinance because it did not eliminate use, just created guidelines for where it could be located |
|
|
Term
| Metromedia vs. City of San Diego, 1981 |
|
Definition
| USSC struck down an ordinance banning off-site billboards as a violation of free speech |
|
|
Term
| Loretto vs. Teleprompter Manhattan CATV Corp., 1982 |
|
Definition
| USSC held that a state law requiring property owners to permit installation of cable television facilities on their property constituted a taking because it was a permanent physical invasion of private property. |
|
|
Term
| City Council vs. Taxpayers for Vincent, 1984 |
|
Definition
| USSC ruled that LA violated the first amendment by banning noncommercial signage on public property |
|
|
Term
| City of Renton vs. Playtime Theaters, Inc., 1986 |
|
Definition
| USSC upheld and ordinance that restricted the location of adult uses |
|
|
Term
| Nollan vs. California Coastal Commission, 1987 |
|
Definition
| USSC held that it was a taking to require a public easement across privately owner beachfront property in order for a building permit to be issued (Nexus) |
|
|
Term
| First Evangelical Lutheran Church of Glendale vs. County of Los Angeles, 1987 |
|
Definition
| USSC found that the interim ordinance prohibiting reconstruction in a flood zone constituted a taking because the original flood had destroyed all reasonable economic use of the property |
|
|
Term
| Lucas vs. South Carolina Coastal Commission, 1992 |
|
Definition
| Lucas was denied a building permit for property on a developed shorefront. USSC held that the decision removed all reasonable economic use of the property and constituted a taking. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A storeowner was told she could only expand if she dedicated a portion of her land for a greenway. USSC held that permit conditions that require property are justified only if they relate or are proportional to the impact of the proposed development. In this case the conditions had no relation to the permit request. "Reasonably related" |
|
|
Term
| City of Ladue vs. Gilleo, 1994 |
|
Definition
| USSC ruled that the City could not ban someone from posting a noncommercial window sign in his or her place of residence. |
|
|
Term
| Suitum vs. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, 1997 |
|
Definition
| Addressed whether or not a property own must attempt to sell development rights before claiming a regulatory taking. Lower courts ruled that Suitum had to attempt sale of credit before ripeness could be achieved. USSC held that the case was ripe and a regulatory taking had occurred. |
|
|
Term
| Del Monte Dunes vs. City of Monterey, 1999 |
|
Definition
| USSC recognized the right to a jury trial in a regulatory taking case. |
|
|
Term
| Tahoe Sierra Preservation Council vs. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, 2002 |
|
Definition
| USSC upheld the use of development moratoria and said that a moratorium is not necessarily a taking requiring compensation. |
|
|
Term
| Kelo vs. City of New London, 2005 |
|
Definition
| City's economic development plan included Ms. Kelo's property. USSC ruled that economic development is a public use and a valid purpose when it is part of an integrated development plan. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| USSC removed the "substantially advances" test based on Agins vs. Tiburon. The decision reaffirmed the legal principle that when government takes a property it must pay. |
|
|
Term
| City of Rancho Palos Verdes vs. Abrams, 2005 |
|
Definition
| Central question is what remedies are available to a property owner if a municipality violates the Telecommunications Act (TCA). USSC decision means that a property owner who successfully challenges a municipality can ask for remedy and permit issuance, but cannot ask for money. |
|
|
Term
| San Remo Hotel, L.P. vs. City and County of San Fransisco, 2005 |
|
Definition
| The central question was which court should decide what and when. USSC concluded that state courts are fully qualified to adjudicate constitutional challenges to local land-use decisions. |
|
|
Term
| The Indian Reorganization Act is also know as____. |
|
Definition
| The Wheeler-Howard Act, 1934 |
|
|
Term
| What did the Indian Reorganization Act do? |
|
Definition
| Conserve and develop Indian lands and resources, extended the right to form businesses and other organizations, granted certain rights of home rule, provided for vocational education |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Established basis for urban renewal |
|
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Term
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Definition
| Established section 701 planning grants to local governments |
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| Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act, 1966 |
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Definition
| Centerpiece of LBJ's Great Society, created the Model Cities program focused on community participation, emphasized social and economic revitalization, phased out by Nixon in 1973 |
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| National Flood Insurance Act, 1968 |
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Definition
| created NFIP, made flood insurance available, required certain building standards in flood plain |
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| Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, 1988 |
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Definition
| Required 25% state and local match for federal disaster relief funds, emphasized mitigation, requires each state to appoint a State Hazard Mitigation Officer (SHMO) |
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Term
| Empowerment Zones/Enterprise Zones |
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Definition
| 1994, Created by Bill Clinton, federal funds made available to a limited number of distressed urban areas to help them complete with suburban areas |
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Term
| What types of incentives were used in Empowerment/Enterprise Zones? |
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Definition
| property tax reductions, sales tax reductions, wage tax credits, low-interest financing |
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Term
| Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA) |
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Definition
| 2000, states that no government shall impose a land use regulation in a manner that imposes a substantial burden on the religious exercise of a person, including religious assembly or institution, unless the burden is in furtherance of a compelling governmental interest; and is the least restrictive means of furthering that compelling governmental interest |
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| 2000, reinforces importance of hazard mitigation, requires contingency plans fr state and local governments, plans must be reviewed and approved by FEMA, not guided by federal legislation |
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| Growing Smart Legislative Guidebook: Model Statutes for Planning and Management of Change |
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Definition
| 2002, published by APA, purpose is to update the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act, Standard State Planning Enabling Act, and the Model Land Development Code |
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Definition
| Concentric Ring Theory (1925) |
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Definition
| 1945, Chauncey Harris and Edward Ullman, multiple nuclei theory |
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| 1960, Bid Rent Theory = cost of land, intensity of development, concentration of the population, number of places of employment all decline as distance from CBD increases |
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Term
| John Logan and Harvey Molotoch |
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Definition
| 1987, proposed that urban development is actually directed by those elite members of the community with interests and influence |
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Definition
| Seeks to solve problems created by low density residential development such as threatened farmland and open space, increased public service costs, disinvestment in central cities, congestion, and environmental degradation |
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| Reuse of existing buildings |
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Definition
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Definition
| A process in which a governmental agency can use its judgement in deciding whether and how to carry out a project, may allow citizen-based evaluation |
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| Approximate population of NY as of 2006? |
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Definition
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Term
| Approximate population of LA as of 2006? |
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Definition
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| Approximate population of Chicago as of 2006? |
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Definition
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| Approximate population of Houston as of 2006? |
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Definition
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| Approximate population of Phoenix as of 2006? |
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Definition
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| Fastest growing state in the 1990s? |
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Definition
| Nevada, second was Arizona |
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Term
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Definition
| Rooted in the goal of improving quality of life; integrates all aspects of the built and natural environment |
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Term
| What are the four components of hazard planning? |
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Definition
| Mitigation, preparation, response, recovery |
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Term
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Definition
| Measures the concentration of industry in a geographic area relative to a larger area |
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Term
| How is location quotient used? |
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Definition
| To compare the local share of a particular economic activity to the share of that economic activity in a larger region |
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Term
Calculate the location quotient:
1. 6% of workers in a community with a total workforce of 10,000 work for a certain industry
2. 3% of the workers in a larger region with a total workforce of 100,000 work in the same industry |
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Definition
| LQ = (600/10,000)/(3,000/100,000) = 2 |
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Term
| What does a LQ greater than 1 mean? |
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Definition
| It means that the variable for the particular industry is greater in the smaller of the two regions and the product is exported. |
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Term
| What type of industry is indicated by a LQ greater than 1? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does a LQ equal to 1 mean? |
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Definition
| That the local industry is sufficient to meet local demand. |
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Term
| What does a LQ less than 1 mean? |
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Definition
| The local industry is not meeting demand. |
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Term
| What is the jobs/housing ratio? |
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Definition
| Ratio between the creation of jobs in a community and the need for housing. |
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Term
| A higher jobs/housing ration indicates what? |
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Definition
| The higher it is the more the region is generating jobs in comparison with housing - therefore it is exporting the need to create new housing to other communities |
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Term
| What is the multiplier effect? |
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Definition
| It reflects the full economic impact of spending a dollar. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Considers the future benefits and costs of alternative projects
2. Discounts values to present values
3. Use this analysis to compare alternatives |
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Term
| Fiscal impact analysis (or cost revenue analysis) |
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Definition
| Used to determine if a particular project will generate adequate revenue through taxes to pay for additional public services that will be required |
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Definition
| Measures the relationship among industries in a region showing what is used locally and what is exported |
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Definition
| Track's the local area's share of a larger regional market for certain goods and services over time to determine whether the local share is growing, declining, or stable |
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| A technique for estimating how much retail activity and how much retail building space and land zoned for retail will be required by a community in the future |
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Definition
| Used to compare and contrast growth rates among industrial sectors, used to distinguish between the effects of national and local economic trends |
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Definition
| A group of geographically close businesses that have some relationship to each other (such as a supplier and consumer of specialized high-technology goods or manufacturers of car parts and assembly plants) |
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Definition
| The phenomenon whereby businesses locate close to one another, rather than being spread out across a large region, in order to economically benefit from proximity |
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Term
| What is a benefit of agglomeration proximity? |
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Definition
| Benefits may include transportation and communication costs and more rapid spread of innovation |
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Term
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Definition
| Emphasizes the role of local governments and community organizations, in addition to the private sector, in the economic development process. |
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Definition
| Refers to the mismatch between the supply of labor and the demand for labor in which the supply of skills possessed by the labor force does not meet the demand for skills due to changing technological requirements. |
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Term
| What is a Business Improvement District (BID)? |
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Definition
| A special assessment district in which property owners pay an additional tax in order to fund activities that benefit their district. |
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Term
| Tax Increment Financing (TIF) |
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Definition
| Captures the additional property taxes received from the higher assessment on improved properties within a redevelopment district to fund to finance the public improvements that made the redevelopment possible |
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Term
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Definition
| Holds that the economy consists of two classes of industries: base industries (export, consumed) and non-base industries (import, consumers) |
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Definition
| First law to provide federal protection for archaeological and historic sites, started designation National Monuments |
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Term
| Historic sites, Buildings, and Antiquities Act, 1935 |
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Definition
| Predecessor to NHPA, required Sec. of Int. to find, acquire, and restore sites |
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Term
| National Trust for Historic Preservation, 1949 |
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Definition
| Truman signed legislation creating the national trust; NTHP is a private, nonprofit membership organization dedicated to saving historic places |
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Term
| National Historic Preservation Act, 1966 |
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Definition
| Established the National register, Section 106 protection, requires each state to have a State Historic Preservation Officer |
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Definition
| Pioneered development of indoor shopping malls in the 1950s; built Columbia, Maryland in the 1960s |
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| According to Kevin Lynch, a city is imageable is the network of paths, edges, districts, and nodes is not confusing. |
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| Advocate for building mega-structures that are mostly underground and leave nature undisturbed; Arcosanti, AZ |
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| Wrote "Making City Planning Work" and "Great Streets" |
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Definition
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| At least 5M square feet of leasable space, 600,000 sq. ft. of retail, and more jobs than bedrooms |
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