• Portrait of Trajan (98-117)
• Veristic and Militaristic
• Called "Optimus Princeps"

• Forum of Trajan (113)
• Includes the Basilica Ulpia, libraries, and a temple

• Column of Trajan (113)
• Continuous relief with repeating stock images
• Depicts Trajan addressing his troops, giving clemency to the Dacians 
• Represents Rome's presence in the provinces and outside territories, always spreading their civilization and alway disciplined

• Markets of Trajan 
• Concrete innovation
• Public structure
• fenestrated groin vaults

• Anaglypha Traiani (Trajanic)
• Shows Trajan burning debt records due to his financial success as emperor
• Background: Temple of Saturn and Concordia 

• Arch of Trajan (114)
• Images of victory against the Dacians
• Personifications of the Danube River and Mesopotamia in the spandrels
• Inside the arch is depictions of Trajan doing a sacrifice and giving out Alimenta to Rome's citizens
• In the keystone is a Trajan being crowned by victory 

• Portrait of Hadrian (117-138)
• Philhellene
• Sabina=wife, Antinuous=lover

• The Pantheon (118-125)
• Temple to all gods
• Exterior: 8 monolithic columns; front gray granite, back rose granite; Large cylindrical dome
• Interior has 3 zones: 1. Columns and niches held statues of gods, 2. Pilasters 3. Coffered ceiling in the dome had stars in each coffer 
• The floor is made of polychromatic marble

• Mausoleum of Hadrian (130)
• On the west bank of the river 
• Tomb connects to Augustus and to the notion of a permanent Hadrainic dynasty
• Scuptural groups around the grounds would intice convos

• Hadrian's Villa in Tivoli (118-125)
• Largest imperial villa 
• Island enclosure included a triclinium, bathroom, and library
• The Canopus references a canal that runs off the Nile 
• Caryatids ref. the Parthenon 
• Within the dining room, is Egyptianized sculptures 

• Porta Palatina in Turin, Italy (early 1st c CE)
• Made of brink, two towers w/ fenestrated walls
• 2 arches for large "vehicles" and two small for pedestrians 

• Arch of Tiberius (25 CE)
• Orange, France
• Commemorates victory over the Gauls 
• Triple bay arch w/ two attics = Huge
• Side relief has arcuated pediment and shows captives

• Mausoleum of the Julii in Glanum, France (20 CE)
• Tholos on top
• Quadrifrans = freestanding arch w/ 4 sides
• Sarcophagus on bottom w/ reliefs of battle and hunting (masculinity)

• Maison Carree (1-10 CE)
• Mix of two styles 
• pseudoperipteral temple 

• Port-du-Gard in Nimes, France
• limestone aquaduct
• concrete innovation

• Augusta Emerita 
• Military town that held a theater, amphitheater, and racetrack
• This theater was scaenae frans or two-tiered stage building 

• Segovia, Spain aqueduct
• 1st-2nd c CE

• Cardo = N/S
• Decumanus = E/W

• Roman Agora in Athens, Greece
• Greek, Doric style forum made by Romans
• Next to Library of Hadrian

• Library of Hadrian (132)
• Next to Roman Agora 
• Included public amenities like a swimming pool and conversation room

• Olympieion 174 BCE - 132 CE in Athens
• Started by Greeks, finished by Hadrian 

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• Library of Celsus (117-120)
• In Ephsus (Turkey)
• Scaenae frons like in Augusta Emerita
• Roman Baroque

• Temple of Hadrian (130-138)
• Baroque
• Made in his lifetime

• Terrace Houses (1st BCE - 7th CE)
• Ephesus 
• Huge floor mosaics and wall paintings

• Sebasteion (20-60)
• In Aphrodisias 
• 3 story building D-I-C
• Relief panels depict Emperors in Julio-Claudian line

• Northwest Heroon (Dancing Girls)
• In Sagalossos

• Mosaics from Zeugma, Turkey
• Depict mythological scenes of Achilles and maritime-themed mosaics

• Fayum, Egypt mummy portraits (110-250)
• Either Tempera on wood or Encaustic on wood 

• Temple of Bacchus (Baalbek, Lebenon)
• 2nd C CE
• Romanization 

• Great Temple Complex
• In Hatra, Iraq
• 2nd C
• Syrian Pediment

• Caesarea Maritima in Isreal
• Sea town with man-made concrete harbor
• Bronze Hadrian head found here

• Arch of Hadrian in Jerash, 129
• Very ornamental and composite
• Broken pediment protrudes out

• Al-Khazneh, 2nd c CE, Petra
• Mix of styles, top half is Roman and bottom is eastern 

• Temple of Bel, Palmyra 
• Merlins = pyramids 

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• Tower Tombs in Palmyra 
• Contains funerary reliefs that were stylized portraits of the deceased

• Antoninus Pius (138-161)
• Adopts Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus 
• Reigned during the Second Sophist movement (greek lit and philosophy)

• Temple of Hadrian (145)
• Built by Antoninus Pius 

• Pedestal of the Column of Antoninus Pius (161)
• Apotheosis of Antoninus Pius and Faustina: Classical style shows personification of Roma and the Campus Martius; Antoninus Pius and Faustina riding a winged figure to afterlife
• Decursio: Italic style military parade 

• Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius (175)
• Huge
• Lasted bc Constantine

• The Column of Marcus Aurelius (180)
• Similar to Trajans
• Less classicized figures
• Depicts horrors of war in "village destruction scene"

• Commodus in the guise of Hercules (190-192)
• assassinated 

• Meleager Sarcophagus
• Shows boar hunting scene

• Portonaccio Sarcophagus (180-190)
• Battle scene depicts the deceased in the midst of a battle 
• Probs was in the military 
• Top shows life events 

• Circus Maximus Sarcophagus 

• Severan Basilica at Lepcis Magna 196-206
• Huge basilica in Septimius's hometown

• Severan Arch @ Lepcis Magna
• 203
• 4 sided arch w/ broken pediments and highly ornamented pilasters 

• Arch of Septimius Severus 
• 203
• Visual connection to Augustus's arch across the way
• Italic style 

• Forma Urbis Romae (211-217)
• Full aerial map of the city's buildings 

• Portrait of Craacalla (211-217)

• Baths of Caracalla 211-217
• Public space
• Hot, cold, warm baths
• Gym 
• Libraries 

• Philip the Arab (244-249)
• First Arab Emp. 

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• Valerian (253-260)
• Captured by Persian Empire 
• Cap is sign of rule

• Aurelian Wall (270-279)
• Civil war and outside threat causes paranoia and anxiety 

• Portrait of Diocletian (284-305)
• Furrowed look continues, but the beard is back
• Garland and star=rule
• Forms the tetrarchy

• Nicomedia Relief (290-293)

• The Four Tetrarchs (305)
• Changed in style 

• Decennalia Base (303)
• Celebrates 10 yr anniversary of the tetrarchy
• Shows procession of the tetrarchs

• Baths of Diocletian 
• About 300
• Largest bathhouse in antiquity
• Converted into churches 

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• Arch of Galerius in Thessalonica 
• 298-303
• Octopylon — crossed major roadway
• Shows the tetrarchs enthroned and doing a sacrifice

• Portrait of Constantine (307-337)
• From Acrolithic giant statue of Constaintine from the Basilica Nova

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• Dura-Europos in Syria
• Early non-pagan church 
• Includes scenes from Moses

• "The Good Shepard" was often used as an early Christian motif to reference Christ

• Arch of Constantine 315
• Stole works from other good emperors such as trajan, Hadrian, and Aurelius 
• His images are more Italic than the former 
• Shows images of victory of Maxentius 

• Aule Palantina in Trier, Germany
• 310
• Basilica (huge yo) repurposed into a church

• Old St. Peter's 
• 320 
• Christian building that borrows the basilica style 

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• Santa Costanza 
• vault mosaics of the God of Wine connects to Christian themes 

• Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus 
• 359 CE
• Spreading of Christian Imagery—direct scenes from the old and new testaments 
• Christ enthroned reflects Constantine enthroned on the Arch of Constantine

• Porta Nigra 
• 300 CE
• Trier, Germany city gate