Term
| Consequences of untreated pain |
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Definition
| unnecessary suffering, physical and psychosocial dysfunction, impaired recovery, sleep disturbance, immunosuppression, increased morbidity |
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Term
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Definition
| subjective; whatever person experiencing says it is; unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage |
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Term
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Definition
| physiological process that communicates tissue damage to the CNS |
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Term
| Four processes of nociception |
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Definition
| transduction, transmission, perception, modulation |
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Term
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Definition
nocioceptive (tissue damage)
neuropathic (nerve damage) |
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Term
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Definition
Somatic: bones, joints, connective tissue, muscles, throbbing
Visceral: organs, heart, liver, gut, short lived
usually acute
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Term
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Definition
peripheral or central, scrambled messages to the brain, phantom limb pain, diabetic neuropathy, b12 deficiency
usually chronic |
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Term
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Definition
pain signals relayed from periphery to spinal cord, then to brain
Three segments: peripheral nerve fibers to spinal cord
dorsal horn processing
thalamus and cerebral cortex |
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Term
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Definition
experienced when an intact, properly functioning nervous system signals that tissues are damaged, requiring attention and proper care
transient (short lived- sting in an injection)
persistent (chronic- abdominal surgery)
Subcategories- visceral and somatic |
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Term
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Definition
people who have damaged or malfunctioning nerves;
peripheral neuropathic pain, central, sympathetically maintained pain |
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Term
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Definition
| sudden onset, less than 3 months time for normal healing to occur, mild to severe, precipitating event or illness can be identified |
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Term
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Definition
| gradual or sudden onset; may start acute but continues past normal recovery time; cause may be unknown |
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Term
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Definition
| character, onset, location, duration, exaceration, relief, radiation |
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Term
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Definition
provokes pain
quality (characteristics)
region (internal, external)
severity (usually 1-10)
timing |
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Term
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Definition
behavioral responses to pain; things we can look at; increased BP, HR, RR
pallor, diaphoresis, pupil dialation
may be absent in people with chronic pain |
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Term
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Definition
mild 1-3
moderate 4-6
severe 7-10 |
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Term
| factors affecting pain experience |
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Definition
| developmental stage, previous pain experiences, environment and significant others, cultural and spiritual values, meaning of pain and knowledge base, availability and use of pain relief measures |
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Term
| Pharmacologic interventions of pain |
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Definition
Opioids (narcotics): morphine, codeine, methadone, hydrocodone
nonopioids/ nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)
co-analgesic drugs (helper drug) |
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Term
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Definition
vary little in analgesic potency but do not vary in anti-inflammatory effects, metabolism, excretion, and side effects
high ceiling effect
narrow therapeutic index
ex: acetaminophen, IBU, ASA |
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Term
Types of Opioids (Narcotics)
Full agonists |
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Definition
no ceiling on analgesia, dosage can be steadily increased until pain is relieved, no max daily dose limit
morphine, oxycodone (oxycontin), hydromorphone (dilaudid), fentanyl |
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Term
Types of Opioids (Narcotics)
Mixed agonist- antagonists |
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Definition
act like opioids and relieve pain
can block or inactivate other opioid analgesics (can lead to serious withdrawal)
have a ceiling effect
ex: stadol, nubain, talwin |
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Term
Types of Opioids (Narcotics)
Partial agonist |
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Definition
have a ceiling effect, assess RR and breathing sounds, note effect on pain level if given with other opioids
ex: buprenex, suboxone (alternative to methadone)
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Term
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Definition
| constipation, nausea, vomiting, sedation, respiratory depression, pruritus (itching), urinary retention |
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Term
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Definition
used in conjunction wth opioids and nonopioids
generally effective for other purposed but also effective for pain
ex: corticosteroids, antidepressants, antiseizure drugs, GABA receptor agonists, local anesthetics (lidocaine) |
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Term
| Barriers to effective pain management |
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Definition
| tolerance, physical dependence, addiction |
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