Term
| 4 views on population growth |
|
Definition
| mathusian (thomas malthus), marxist (karl marx), Neo-malthusian, and neo-marxist |
|
|
Term
| Aspects of the Mathusian view on population growth |
|
Definition
| populations increases at an exponential rate, while food production remains stable (later proven wrong), positive checks (disease and famine) and preventative checks (moral restraint, late marriage) keep things in line ... opposed efforts to assist/feed poor |
|
|
Term
| Aspects of marxist views on population growth |
|
Definition
| pop growth is a symptom of poverty, rsource depletion, and pollution rather than the cause of it. Causes: exploitation and oppression... Solution: social justice |
|
|
Term
| Neo-mathusian views on population growth |
|
Definition
| believe we are quickly approaching or may have already surpassed the carrying capacity of the earth. birth control should be our highest priority |
|
|
Term
| Neo-marxist view of population growth |
|
Definition
| #1 priority: eliminating oppression and poverty through social justice |
|
|
Term
| When could an increase in population be a good thing? |
|
Definition
| more people = more workers, more minds, etc ... "People are the ultimate resource" |
|
|
Term
| where are the highest growth rates in the world? |
|
Definition
| "hot spots" - subsaharan africa and the middle east |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the physical ability to reproduce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the actual production of offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| =# births/year/1000 people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| # kids born to an average woman in a population in her life |
|
|
Term
| when is zero population growth achieved? |
|
Definition
| when births + immigration = deaths + emigration |
|
|
Term
| replacement rate in developed countries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| crude death (mortality) rate |
|
Definition
| # deaths/year/1000 people |
|
|
Term
| how is natural increase measured? |
|
Definition
| crude birth rate - crude death rate |
|
|
Term
| the average age a newborn can expect to live in a given society |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ is when countries force people to move to less populated areas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| falling birth rates in developed countries may make us lose power simply due to lack of people (and therefore lack of soldiers, workers, and tax payers) |
|
|
Term
| 4 conditions necessary for a demographic transition |
|
Definition
| improved standard of living, increased confidence that kids will reach maturity, increase in social status for women, increase in the use of birth control |
|
|
Term
| 4 factors contributing to stabilizing populations |
|
Definition
| increased prosperity and social reform which leads to a decreased need for large families, increased technology, developing countries can benefit from the mistakes of already developed countries, modern communication stimulates change |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| increase out desire for children |
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|
Term
| a ____ prevents countries from escaping the phase of development where death reates are decreasing but birth rates are still increasing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sustained drops in birth rates are always preceded by sustained drops in ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the best way to improve childhood survival is to improve ____? |
|
Definition
| rights and conditions for mothers |
|
|
Term
| 5 societal changes necessary for family planning |
|
Definition
| improved status for women and children, acceptance of the need to make an informed decision about live and reproduction, social security and political stability so that people have the means of planning for the future, knowledge, availability, and use of contraceptives |
|
|
Term
| Erlich and Erlich developed the ______, which states that population growth may be the paramount force moving humanity toward disaster |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Approximately __% of the population lives without sufficient water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| describes evaporation, condensation, and precipitation of water.. as well as underground movement |
|
|
Term
| process by which plants absorb ground water and pump it into the atmosphere. accounts for __% of precipitation in the rainforest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| process in which liquid changes to vapor well below its boiling point |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| solid changes to gas without becoming liquid. example? |
|
Definition
| sublimination -- freezer burn |
|
|
Term
| amount of water vapor in the air |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when a volume of air contains as much water vapor as possible at a given temperature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of water vapor int eh air expressed as the % of saturation point |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when saturation concentration is exceeded and molecules begin to aggregate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fora given amount of water, the temperature at which condensation occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tiny particles that float in the air and facilitate dew point. examples? |
|
Definition
| condensation nuclei (smoke, sea salt, spores, etc) |
|
|
Term
| 3 factors determining the distribution of water |
|
Definition
| air pressure, proximity to water, topography (windward side of mtn usually wet) |
|
|
Term
| increase in air pressure = increase/decrease in rainfall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dry, leeward side of a mountain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oceans hold ___% of water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the length of time a molecule of water spends circulating in the ocean before it evaporates. what is this average time for surface water? |
|
Definition
| residence time - avg = 3000 yrs |
|
|
Term
| glaciers, ice, and snow contain __% of the world's freshwater |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ stores the most liquid fresh water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| process where water that doesn't evaporate percolate through soil and into rocks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| upper soil layers that hold both air and water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the zone of aeration provides moisture for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lower soil layers where all spaces are filled wiht water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does the water table sit? |
|
Definition
| on top of the zone of aeration |
|
|
Term
| porous layers of sand, rock, and gravel laying below the water table and underlied by solid rack that keeps water from seeping out |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a ___ is formed when a pressured aquifer intersects the surface or is penetrated and results in a gush of water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| areas where infiltration of water into an aquifer occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| surface water is made up of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of water that passes a fixed point in a given amount of time. what is this used for? |
|
Definition
| discharge -- used to measure size of a river |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shallow enough for rooted plants to grow in most of it |
|
|
Term
| inland depressions that hold standing fresh water year round |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| provide constant water source for infilatraiton into aquifers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ____ is the smallest of all major water compartments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fraction of H2O that is lost in transmission, evaportaiton, absorption, etc and is unavailable for human use |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| withdrawn water that is polluted, or heated so it is unusable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| agricultural, domestic, industry |
|
|
Term
| what is now the number 1 "use" of water in domestic and industrial sectors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when a country's consumption exceeds >20% of the water supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| settling of land above areas where groundwater has been depleted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when the roof of an underground channel or cavern collapses, creating a large crater |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __ is a consequence of aquifer depletion... as the aquifers run low, salt seeps into them and contaminates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 methods of purifying salt water for drinking |
|
Definition
| desalination, distillation (evaporation and recondensation), and reverse osmosis (pumping water through semi-permeable membranes) |
|
|
Term
| all the land drained by a stream or river |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the population profile of a developed country look like? |
|
Definition
| columnar - fairly stable - 2.1 replacement |
|
|
Term
| What does the population profile of a developing country look like? |
|
Definition
| pyramidal (more young than old), short life expectancy, early age to start rreproducing, fertility = 6.1 |
|
|
Term
| O2 starved areas of the ocean are known as ____? (2 names) |
|
Definition
| hypoxic areas, dead zones |
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|
Term
| Healthy aquatic environments have ___ppm DO |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes a hypoxic dead zone? |
|
Definition
| agricultural runoff... usually more dramatic in years with greater rainfall |
|
|
Term
| What about the agricultural runoff creates a hypoxic dead zone? |
|
Definition
| nitrogen and excess nutrients provides for algal growth in the ocean, which consumes O2 |
|
|
Term
| Where do most dead zones occur? |
|
Definition
| stratified areas that do not mix well |
|
|
Term
| in ___ Nixon signed the Clean Water Act... what was the goal of this act? |
|
Definition
| 1972 - all waters must be fishable and swimmable |
|
|
Term
| anything that degrades water quality is known as ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 sources of water pollution |
|
Definition
| natural (poison sprigns, erosion, oil seeps), point & non-point sources |
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|
Term
| when contaminants are carried by air currents and precipitated into surface waters as rain, snow, or dry particles |
|
Definition
| atmospheric deposition (non-point source) |
|
|
Term
| #1 water pollution threat to humans |
|
Definition
| infectious agents (typhoid, cholera, etc) |
|
|
Term
| main cause of infectious agents in water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___% of all disease in undeveloped countries due to bad water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| any of the many types of bacteria that live in the colon and intestines of humans and animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oligotrophic vs. eutrophic bodies of water |
|
Definition
| oligo - little biological productivity and clear water --- eutrophic - rich in organisms and organic material |
|
|
Term
| human caused eutrophications... often resulting in algal blooms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| microbe that causes red tide |
|
Definition
| pfiesteria piscidia (dinoflagellate) |
|
|
Term
| inorganic pollutants of most concern |
|
Definition
| heavy metals (mercury, lead, tin, cadmium) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| metals, non-metallic salts, acids and bases |
|
|
Term
| 2 most important sources of synthetic organic pollutants |
|
Definition
| improper disposal of industrial and household wastes, pesticide runoff |
|
|
Term
| Why is thermal pollution a matter of concern? |
|
Definition
| water temperatures are so stable and organisms are so used to it that even slight changes can cause major problems, and O2 solubility in water decreases as temperature increases |
|
|
Term
| thermal plume and when it can be hazardous |
|
Definition
| heated water from a factory that is discharged into rivers and lakes and disturbs the natural balance --- can attract aquatic organisms, but is dangerous in case the plant that produces the plume is suddenly shut off (ex: manatees) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| national pollution discharge elimination system - requires permit to dump into surface waters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| total maximum daily load - amount of a substance that a water body can recieve from both non-point and point sources |
|
|
Term
| How is Lake Erie a good example of the CWA |
|
Definition
| considered "dead" in the 60's, now is the walleye capital of the world, had a 90% decrease in bacteria and algae due to introducing zebra mussels |
|
|
Term
| __% of the US relies on groundwater |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| methyl tertiary butyl ether - suspected pollutant that is a gasoline additive and is a water pollutant |
|
|
Term
| ___ in water cause blue baby syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the cheapest and most effective way of controlling pollution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| remedies for reducing non-point source pollution |
|
Definition
| recycling, reducing fertilizer and pesticide use, street sweeping |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collecting human and animal waste and using it as fertilizer |
|
|
Term
| ___ sewage treatment separates the solids from the wastewater stream |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ treatment involves biodegredation of the dissolved organic compounsd |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ sewage treatement removes plant nutrients from secondary effluent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Examples of low cost sewage treatment |
|
Definition
| effluent sewerage - hybrid between a septic system and full sewer system ::: using wetlands - 20-30 days of exposure to sun, air, and aquatic plant is enough to make safe water |
|
|
Term
| confining dirty water in place or capping it with impermeable material, or injecting materials into the soil to solidify the waste |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pumping out polluted water to be treated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| using living organisms to clean contaminated water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is ecological engineering? |
|
Definition
| bioremediation involving microbes and 100s of kinds of plants and animals that can break down wastes |
|
|
Term
| BPT in terms of water pollution control |
|
Definition
| Best Practicable control Technology -- for specific point sources, requires discharge permits |
|
|
Term
| BAT (in terms of water pollution control) |
|
Definition
| Best Available, economically achievable Technology -- for toxic substancs |
|
|
Term
| program for the remediation of toxic waste sites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____ in 1990 called for the phasing out of all ocean dumping of industrial waste, tank-washing effluent, and plastics by 1995 |
|
Definition
| london dumping commission |
|
|
Term
| The ____ was signed by 64 nations to agree to the london dumping commission |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| everything we through away that makes up a steady flow of varied wastes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the predominant way of disposing of wastes in developing countries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in Manila, Phillipines -- a huge, smoldering dump on which 20,000 people live and search for food and materials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulated solid waste disposal |
|
|
Term
| significance of methane seeping out of landfills |
|
Definition
| bad: greenhouse gas ... good: can be collected and used to make electricity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fact that poor countries/neighborhoods are more likely to receive dumps, incinerators, and other locally unwanted land uses (LULU's) |
|
|
Term
| energy recovery from incineration |
|
Definition
| AKA waste-to-energy -- burning waste and collecting the heat as energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| waste residue/ash represents only about 10-20% of original waste volume, heat produced can be used as energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| expensive to build and to use, can produce toxic ash, more complicated to use (certain things must be removed/sorted out before it can be dumped) |
|
|
Term
| reprocessing of discarded materials into new, useful products |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| saves money for the consumer (35$/ton to recycle vs 80$/ton to dump), spares resources (trees, etc), recycling uses less energy than making new products from raw materials |
|
|
Term
| ___ allows natural aerobic decomposition to reduce organic debris to a nutrient-rich soil amendment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TCP (in terms of waste disposal) |
|
Definition
| Thermal conversion process - pressure cooks animal manure, plastics, paper-processing waste, tires, and urban sewage sludge -- reduces organic molecules to simple hydrocarbons |
|
|
Term
| the disassembly and recycling of obsolete products |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| computers, cell phones, TVs, etc |
|
|
Term
| 40% of lead and 70% of heavy metals in landfills is from ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to most (80%) of american e-waste? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| photodegradable and biodegradable plastics |
|
Definition
| photodegradable - break down when exposed to UV radiation ... biodegradable - contain things suchas conrnstarch that can be broken down by microbes |
|
|
Term
| 5 factors on which hazardous wastes are classified |
|
Definition
| fatal to humans or lab animals at high doses :: toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic to humans or other animals :: ignitable with a flash point <60C :: Corrosive :: Explosive or highly reactive |
|
|
Term
| 4 federal legislations for hazardous wastes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a comprehensive program that requires rigorous testing and management of toxic and hazardous materials |
|
Definition
| RCRA - resource conservation and recovery act (1976) |
|
|
Term
| aimed at rapid containment, cleanup, or remediation of abandoned toxic waste sites |
|
Definition
| CERCLA - comprehensive environmental response, compensation, and liability act (1980) |
|
|
Term
| CERCLA was modified by ___ in 1984 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ instated a community right to know and sate emergency response plans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| requires 20,000 manufacturing facilities to report annually on releases of 300 toxic chemicals |
|
Definition
| TRI - toxic release inventory |
|
|
Term
| CERCLA responsibility is "strict, joint, and several" ... meaning? |
|
Definition
| anyone associated with a site can be help responsible for the entire cost of cleaning it up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provide an immediate response to emergency situations that pose imminent hazards :: to clean up or remediate abandoned or inactive sites |
|
|
Term
| What qualifies a site for the NPL? |
|
Definition
| considered to be especially hazardous to human health because they are known to be or have the potential to be leaking supertoxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, or mutagenic materials |
|
|
Term
| where are the most NPL sites? |
|
Definition
| "rust belt" - great lakes and gulf coast |
|
|
Term
| ____ is cleaning up hazardous waste using plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| large areas of contaminated land that have been abandoned or are not being used to their potential because of real or suspected pollution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complete physical, mental, and social well being -- not just the absence of disease |
|
|
Term
| abnormal change in the body that impairs physical or physiological well being |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the study of external factors that cause disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the global disease burden changing? |
|
Definition
| the focus is not only on deaths but on total well being |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disability-adjusted life years -- combine premature death and loss of healthy life from injury and illness |
|
|
Term
| world population growth can be represented by a __ curve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| carrying capacity, put simply |
|
Definition
| point at which there is not enough natural resources to support any more members of a species |
|
|
Term
| Factors influencing family size |
|
Definition
| security in old age, infant and child mortality, whether children are an economic asset or liability, importance of education, status of women, availability of contraceptives |
|
|
Term
| At-risk areas in terms of water are? |
|
Definition
| North Africa, parts of India, Northern China, Middle East, Mexico, Western US, most of Russia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deforestation, overgrazing, desertification, natural vegetation replacement |
|
|
Term
| where are renewable water sources? |
|
Definition
| aquifers, rivers, lakes, streams, water tables, glaciers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| canada, US, Greenland, Brazil, Iceland |
|
|
Term
| Where does water in WL come from? |
|
Definition
| Tase River - an underground river that goes from here to the NE US |
|
|
Term
| about __% of Indiana drinking water is from groundwater |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ___ helps water get to plant roots from the water table |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| area where soil is in the process of drying out or wetting up |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| positive components of dams |
|
Definition
| economic growth, food production, surface water enhacement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| urban sprawl, loss of aquatic and terrestrial diversity, destruction of river corridors |
|
|
Term
| how are dam sites selected? |
|
Definition
| flood control, irrigation, hydroelectric power |
|
|
Term
| ___ is measured as the volume of water passing a point per unit time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| particulates (solids suspended in water) - sediment, heavy metals, manure, etc :: dissolved (carried in solution) - solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, estrogens, etc :: intermediates - oils, pathogens, thermal, radioactive, etc |
|
|
Term
| the ____ was enacted in 1972 and wanted to eliminate pollutant discharge by 1985. Created a national permit system to release pollutants and provided funds to upgrade sewer systems. |
|
Definition
| FWPCA - federal water pollution control act |
|
|
Term
| why was the 3 gorges dam created? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| marshes, bogs, swamps, fens |
|
|
Term
| Where is atrazine contamination most prevalent? |
|
Definition
| "bread basket" -- midwest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adds nutrients, increases organic carbon content, increases soil ability to hold nutrients, improves water holding capactiy, enhances soil aggregation, lowers bulk density |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treated sludge that has not been fully treated to remove pathogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nutrient loading, heavy metal, loading, organic pollutants, pathogens |
|
|
Term
| Why did FDR support the construction of dams in the US in the 1930s |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a ____ is the area drained by a water system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protect the intestical tract from bacterial infections, aid in digestion, produce our main source of vitamins B12 and K, lives symbiotically with us |
|
|
Term
| What E. coli is bad for you? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| possible sources of harmful E. coli |
|
Definition
| farm animals, fertilizers, sewage treatment plants, residential septic tanks |
|
|
Term
| cause of the milwaukee diarrheal outbreak of 1993 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| common parasite transferred to humans and dogs during hiking and camping |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what's the best way to kill giardia in drinking water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bacterial counts tend to be higher upstream/downstream |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are all federal regulations published? |
|
Definition
| CFR - code of federal regulations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure - Goal is to assess potential risks associated wtih waste disposal in a biologically active landfill |
|
|
Term
| Landfill closure criteria |
|
Definition
| must be covered with a final cover that minimizes the migration of liquids throughthe closed landfill. must function with minimal maintenance and promote drainage, prevent erosion, and have extremely low permeability |
|
|
Term
| LDR (Land Disposal Restrictions) |
|
Definition
| AKA Land Ban - prohibited land disposal of hazardous wastes without prior treatment, according to Best demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT) |
|
|
Term
| UST (underground storage tank) regulations |
|
Definition
| corrosion protection, strength to resist structural failure, foundation material and specifications, compatibility with stored material, leak detection, overfill protection |
|
|
Term
| RCRA subtitle D deals with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RCRA subtitle C deals with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced by coal burning - has a high pH - can be used to make asphalt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced during the production of iron and steel -- high Cr and Mn, high pH -- can be used to make roads |
|
|
Term
| sewage and paper-milling sludge can be used? |
|
Definition
| as fertilizer or to help reclaim lands |
|
|
Term
| ____ are landfills that use water to reduce the volume of waste.. like composting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is water used in bioreactor landfills |
|
Definition
| collected and recirculated to conserve water |
|
|
Term
| challenges of bioreactor landfill |
|
Definition
| getting the moisture to the right place, waste heterogeneity, monitoring progress and determining completion, collecting gas, avoiding problems caused by too much moisture, slope stability |
|
|
Term
| ___ is a solid waste management technique that uses natural processes to convert organic materials to humus through the action of microorganisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 stages of the composting process |
|
Definition
| mesophilic, thermophilic and curing |
|
|
Term
| in the ___ stage of composting, decomposition of sugars and readily available microbial food sources takes place. Causes temperature to raise from about 20C to 40C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the ___ stage of composting, the temperature rises about 25C in one or two weeks while thermophilic organisms decompose cellulose and more resistant materials |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the ___ stage, temperature declines to ambient and mesophilic bacteria take over again |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the dark, spongy bacteria that results from composting is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leachate generation and groundwater contamination, methane production, incomplete decomposition, settling |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the organic matter in a landfill? |
|
Definition
| remains largely unchanged and may retain its initial form indefinitely |
|
|
Term
| how are landfills prioritized? |
|
Definition
| access to interstate, litter control program, population density, tipping fee, fee for host community |
|
|
Term
| Why is polyethylene pterathalate added to soda bottles? |
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Definition
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Term
| plastic food trays are made with? |
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Definition
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Term
| high-density polyethyle is used to make? |
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Definition
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Term
| low-density polyethylene is used to make? |
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Definition
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Term
| polypropylene is used to make? |
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Definition
| plastic microwavable food trays (tv dinners) |
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Term
| polystyrene is used to make? |
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Definition
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Term
| what hazardous waste disaster happened at Oakridge Tennessee |
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Definition
| nuclear weapon building site - used deep well injection to dispose of it, thinking it would solidify in land but it didn't because the land was too hot... ducks would land in contaminated lakes around oakridge -- then they're later hunted and eaten by humans who are exposed to radiation |
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Term
| most recycling by weight is ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| a spontaneous or manged processin which biological catalysts act on pollutant compounds, thereby remedying or eliminating environmental contamination |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ is the most cost effective means of remediating soil contamination |
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Definition
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Term
| Exxon Valdez and bioremediation |
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Definition
| 1st major incident remedied by bioremediation -- fertilizer was added to the oil spill so that natural microbes could reproduce and it quickly cleaned up the spill |
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Term
| pros and cons of thermal degradation and volatilization |
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Definition
| extract and thermally treat contaminated soil and then replace it -- acts quickly but costs a lot |
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Term
| what substances cannot be biodegraded? |
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Definition
| metals - can only change their valence to make them less toxic |
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Term
| Where in the soil does bioremediation occur? |
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Definition
| surface - because the bacteria are typically aerobic |
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Term
| What do bacteria need to survive? |
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Definition
| carbon source, source of energy, well-defined metabolic pathway |
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Term
| aerobic vs. anaerobic metabolism |
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Definition
| aerobiv - more energetically favorable and faster -- requires O2 ::: anaerobic - slower, fermentative, needs nitrate, iron, manganese, or sulfate as TEA |
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Term
| benefits of bioremediation |
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Definition
| on site, natural, minimally disturbs environment, cost effective |
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Term
| requirements for bioremediation |
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Definition
| available contaminant, acceptable temperature, electron acceptor, nontoxic concentration of the contaminant |
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Term
| ____ involves pumping O2 into soil to allow aerobic organisms to thrive |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are there fewer bacteria in the subsurface? |
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Definition
| less O2, Carbon sources, and water as well as a lower temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| light non-aqueous phase liquid -- gasoline, BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylene, xylene) -- float on top of water in aquifers |
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Term
| ___ is a good way to remove LNAPLs |
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Definition
| bioventing wtih vapor extraction and added nutrients |
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Term
| where do ppcp's usually come from? |
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Definition
| concentrated animal feeding operations, wastewater treatment plants, and aquaculture industry |
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