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Agronomy
Agronomy Test Bank
574
Agriculture
11th Grade
01/29/2013

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Cards

Term
A conservation buffer is designed to accomplish which of the following goals?
Definition
all of these
Term
Under the Conservation Reserve Plan (CRP), producers:
Definition
all of these
Term
Seed that are viable (alive) may fail to germinate when planted. Failure of this seed to germinate may be caused by:
Definition
hard seed coat or dormancy
Term
Which of the following crop species are primarily cross pollinated?
Definition
corn and alfalfa
Term
Application of nitrogen to legume forage crops such as alfalfa and red clover is not recommended since:
Definition
with the help of bacteria, these crops can fix atmospheric nitrogen
Term
You have a bunker silo that will hold 400 tons of wet corn silage packed at an average density. If you anticipate corn silage yields of 5 tons per acre of dry matter (harvested at 35% dry matter), how many acres of corn will you need to plant in order to fill your bunker silo at harvest? Round your answer to the nearest whole number.
Definition
28 acres
Term
Johnsongrass is a serious weed problem in crops such as corn and sugarcane because:
Definition
all of these
Term
Your cousin, who lives in southern Illinois, has a new job selling seed corn. He has four varieties that he thinks you should try. Varieties A and B are 120 day corn, variety C is a 100 day corn and variety D is a 95 day corn. According to his yield trial data, variety A yields more than variety B, but does not dry down as fast. Both A and B yield much more than variety C or D. Variety D out yields variety C. Since you do not trust your cousin, you don't want to buy any seed from him. However, he agrees to give you a free bag of seed to try of one variety, but not of all four. Which variety would you try?
Definition
Variety D
Term
Each year, millions of acres of winter wheat in the central Plains of the US are utilized as a dual purpose crop (forage and grain). The wheat is grazed early in the growing season and cattle are subsequently removed. In order to get a grain crop, the livestock must be removed before:
Definition
jointing stage
Term
The first mechanical seed drill was invented in 1730 by:
Definition
Jethro Tull
Term
Your neighbor had a field sprayed about two weeks ago while it was windy. Over the period your lawn and flowers started turning yellow and died. Your shrubs also have some die back. Which of the following herbicide modes of action most likely caused this damage?
Definition
Amino acid inhibitor
Term
Which of the following species is a monocot?
Definition
Sorghum
Term
Legumes can fix nitrogen from the atmosphere. Which of the following is a legume?
Definition
White clover
Term
Which of the following is considered a secondary nutrient?
Definition
Calcium
Term
Which soil texture tends to have the highest Cation Exchange Capacity range?
Definition
Organic soils
Term
At which stage does corn require the most water?
Definition
Silking
Term
Your soil test recommends 190 pounds of nitrogen per acre applied to your 22 acre rice field. How much urea (46-0-0) do you need to apply to meet the recommendation?
Definition
4.54 tons
Term
Which of the following pesticide formulations is most damaging to spray equipment?
Definition
Wettable powder (WP)
Term
What is the most important concept when applying pesticides?
Definition
Read and follow the label
Term
Which of the following is most toxic?
Definition
An insecticide with an LD of 700
Term
Generally, which nutrient deficiency causes tissues to turn yellow at a pH above 7.2?
Definition
manganese
Term
Which of the following nutrients is most mobile in soil solution?
Definition
boron
Term
Which of the following soil types would have the highest organic matter?
Definition
muck
Term
You are applying Aatrex 4E at a rate of 1 quart per acre using 10 gallons of water per acre of application. You are traveling at 4.5 MPH, the nozzles are 20 inches apart, and your boom length is 90 feet. How much Aatrex and water would you need for an 8 acre field?
Definition
2 gallons of Aatrex and 80 gallons of water
Term
On what part of the plant does a bollworm feed?
Definition
fruit
Term
Which of the following groups of essential elements are classified as micronutrients?
Definition
Zn, Mn, and Mb
Term
Maganese is essential to a crop plant for which of the following reasons?
Definition
photosynthesis
Term
Plants grown on alkaline soils can suffer ill effects from:
Definition
Al and Mn deficiency
Term
A pesticide is most likely to move offsite if it has which of the following characteristics?
Definition
high volatility
Term
To raise the potassium level of the soil in your field from 130 to 150 you would probably want to spread _______ on your field.
Definition
Potash
Term
A pesticide that can only be handled and applied by a certified applicator is called a ______ use pesticide.
Definition
restricted
Term
Soil herbicides that exhibit differential selectivity are generally based on what?
Definition
differential metabolism
Term
You are applying 2,4-D and it is important that you minimize spray drift. Which of the following nozzle types would be the WORST choice to use?
Definition
hollow cone
Term
A "transgenic" crop is any plant that:
Definition
has one or more foreign genes inserted via molecular techniques
Term
What plant characteristics should NOT be a primary consideration when selecting a cultivar for planting?
Definition
seed size
Term
Farmer Sarah has a half section of dryland wheat in western Kansas. She has her wheat custom harvested and is quoted a cost of $11 per acre plus $0.21 per bushel Sarah expects a yield of 45 bushels per acre. What are her total harvest costs?
Definition
$6,544
Term
How many acres are there in a rectangular parcel of land that measures 900 feet long and 620 feet wide?
Definition
12.80
Term
Grassy weeds can be identified based on morphological traits such as:
Definition
auricles and ligules
Term
Plant pathogens consist of four main groups. They are:
Definition
viruses, fungi, bacteria, and nematodes
Term
Which of the following diseases are bacteria most likely to cause?
Definition
Smuts
Term
Nematodes are:
Definition
tiny little parasitic worms
Term
Which of the following would be an advantage of increased organic matter?
Definition
all of these are advantages
Term
Generally, which of the following nutrient deficiencies causes interveinal chlorosis?
Definition
manganese
Term
Which of the following crops uses the most nitrogen?
Definition
soybeans
Term
Liebig's 1840 "Law of the Minimum" stated that:
Definition
the least available nutrient will limit yield
Term
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) affects which of the following crops?
Definition
All of these
Term
The fertilizer recommendations that a farmer receives with the soil test results typically vary the most with
Definition
crop and yield goal
Term
You are planting 35 acres of pinto beans. You want to plant 60 pounds of viable seed per acre. The seed you purchased is 95% pure with a germination of 93%. How many actual pounds must you plant?
Definition
2377 pounds
Term
Which of the following tillage systems and residues would provide the most water infiltration 1 hour after a rain?
Definition
no tillage, 80% residue cover
Term
How many pound of alfalfa are in a 50 pound bale of alfalfa hay?
Definition
50 pounds
Term
Which of the following is a micro-nutrient that would cause the leaves to appear somewhat striped when the pH is high and it becomes deficient?
Definition
Zinc
Term
Which of the following activities is most apt to result in a long-term soil pH increase?
Definition
irrigation with water containing high levels of salt
Term
A corn producer wants to apply a total of 300 pounds of nitrogen per acre on his corn field. He has spread 10 tons per acre of dry manure with an average analysis of 15 pounds of nitrogen per ton. How many additional pound of nitrogen must he apply?
Definition
150
Term
Which of the following nutrients is most mobile in the plant?
Definition
nitrogen
Term
The loam soil textural group contains many subdivisions. An ideal loam may be defined as:
Definition
a mixture of sand, silt, and clay particles that exhibits light and heavy properties in about equal proportions
Term
Which of the following soil types would require the greatest amount of lime to bring up a low pH condition?
Definition
clay loam
Term
The highest concentration of phosphorus in a plant is usually found in the
Definition
seed
Term
Given that the atomic weight of phosphorus is 31 and oxygen is 16, what is the percentage of phosphorus in 100 pounds of P₂O₅?
Definition
43.70000%
Term
The carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio in soil is important for at least two reasons. First, competition for available nitrogen results when residues having a high C/N ratio are added to soils. Second, because this ratio is relatively constant in solids, the maintenance of carbon (and hence soil organic matter) is largely dependent on:
Definition
soil nitrogen level
Term
You are with a non-FFA friend at a local home and garden supply store and you pass through the fertilizer aisle. Your friend notices that all of the bags have three numbers on them, each separated by a hyphen. Your friend also notices a bag that has a very high first number and much lower second and third numbers. You explain to your friend that this designation means that the fertilizer:
Definition
has a high nitrogen content and is probably intended for lawn application
Term
You have a rice field that measures 1350 ft. by 1452 ft. Your soil test recommends that you apply 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre to this field. How much urea (46-0-0) do you need to apply to this field to meet the recommendations?
Definition
4.89 tons
Term
What is nitrification?
Definition
the biochemical oxidation of ammonium to nitrate
Term
Which nutrient must be applied, if deficient, for all grain crops?
Definition
all of these
Term
When using the Feekes Scale for staging wheat growth, to what does stage 10 refer?
Definition
in boot
Term
In corn production, R1 refers to:
Definition
silking
Term
Phosphorus is essential to a crop plant for which of the following reasons?
Definition
all of these
Term
Hypogeal seedling emergence is characteristic of:
Definition
corn and garden peas
Term
Photosynthesis is the process whereby plants convert solar energy into chemical energy. This process consists of a "dark" reaction and a "light" reaction. The "dark" reaction refers to:
Definition
synthesis of glucose from CO₂ and H₂
Term
Vernalization is a common requirement for temperate climate species before reproduction can occur. This term refers to:
Definition
cold treatment of a plant or a seed
Term
Which of the following plants is a dicotyledonous (2 sets of chromosomes) species in the botanical family Gramineae?
Definition
corn
Term
Why do some plants not re-grow after they are cut?
Definition
they are annuals and determinant
Term
Parallel venation in a plant leaf would be characteristic of which of the following plants?
Definition
corn
Term
Which of the following plant diseases is caused by a virus?
Definition
Barley yellow dwarf
Term
Which of the following diseases are viruses most likely to cause?
Definition
Tobacco Mosaic (TMV), Tomato Spotted Wilt (TSWV)
Term
Which of the following insects is considered a beneficial or predatory insect?
Definition
Lady beetle
Term
Which of the following factors in seed germination are NOT enzymatically controlled?
Definition
Imhibition of water
Term
Over 50% of the world's food supply comes from three crop sources. They are:
Definition
corn, rice, and wheat
Term
A bushel of corn at 15.5% moisture weighs 56 pounds. How much does a bushel of corn weigh at 19% moisture?
Definition
68.6 pounds
Term
The main purpose of flooding a rice field is to control weeds. However, deep water can negatively impact rice production. How?
Definition
All of these
Term
How is a sugarcane field established?
Definition
It is planted using sugarcane stem pieces called brillets
Term
If the recommended seeding rate for wheat is 13 to 21 seeds per foot within a 7 inch row, what would happen if the rate was increased to 50 seeds per food within a 7 inch row?
Definition
disease and lodging would increase
Term
How many acres are there in a rectangular parcel of land that measures 800 feet long and 620 feet wide?
Definition
11.40
Term
What tools does the USDA use to detect and monitor a new crop disease problem?
Definition
all of these
Term
Which of these conditions favor the spread of a new disease from South America into the US, such as Soybean Asian Rust?
Definition
large tropical storms and hot, humid weather
Term
Your broadleaf plants exhibit cupping of the leaves and epinasty. Which of the following herbicide types would most likely cause such injury?
Definition
growth regulators
Term
You are applying Banvel 4F at a rate of 1/2 pint per acre using 20 gallons of water per acre of application. You are traveling at 4.5 MPH. The nozzles are 20 inches apart. What is the output for each nozzle?
Definition
.30 GPM
Term
A pesticide is most likely to pollute groundwater if it has which of the following characteristics?
Definition
high solubility
Term
Looking at an Atrazine 4F label, what does the F stand for?
Definition
flowable
Term
You are applying Prowl 3.3EC at a rate of 2 pints per acre using 20 gallons of water per acre of application. You are traveling at 4.5 MPH. The field size is 1000 feet by 1089 feet. The nozzles are 20 inches apart. How much herbicide and water will you need to treat the field?
Definition
6.25 gallons of Prowl and 500 gallons of water
Term
A Colorado producer has a center pivot sprinkler irrigating 200 acres of pinto beans. To control weeds, he will chemigate 4.2 ounces of herbicide per acre on his field. How many gallons of herbicide must he use to do this application?
Definition
6.50
Term
Conservation programs, such as CRP (Conservation Reserve Program) and EQIP (Environmental Quality Incentives Program) are administered by which of the following governmental agencies?
Definition
National Resource Conservation Service (NRCS)
Term
USDA defines "Highly Erodible Land" (HEL) as land having an erodibility index (EI) of 8 or more. This EI is a ratio of the inherent erodibility of a soil to the soil loss tolerance. The soil loss tolerance, or "T" value, is:
Definition
an estimate of the rate of soil erosion that can occur on a given soil without significant long-term productivity loss
Term
Generally, which nutrient deficiency causes tissues to turn purple?
Definition
phosphorus
Term
Which of the following groups of essential elements are classified as primary?
Definition
P, N, and K
Term
A local farmer wants to apply a total of 200 pounds of nitrogen per acre on his corn field. He has spread 9 tons per acre of dry manure with an average analysis of 10 pounds of nitrogen per ton. How many additional pounds of nitrogen must he apply?
Definition
110
Term
The smallest particle in soil is:
Definition
clay
Term
Which of the following would be a disadvantage for applying manure to a field?
Definition
potential nitrogen runoff
Term
Fertilizers are chemical compounds. The ratio of elements in a particular fertilizer (chemical) can be easily calculated by knowing the weight of the individual components. Given that the atomic weight of potassium is 39.1 (and you have two of these!) and oxygen is 16, what is the percentage of potassium in 200 pounds of K₂O?
Definition
83.00000%
Term
A soil is classified as "acidic" if the pH is:
Definition
below 6.5
Term
The primary source of error from a soil test is:
Definition
field sampling technique
Term
A fertilizer is being advertised as an all purpose 13-13-13. What does the 13-13-13 indicate?
Definition
13% nitrogen, 13% phosphorus, 13% potassium
Term
Giberellins used as a plant growth regulator
Definition
intensify enzyme production and stimulate cell growth
Term
What part of a plant cell contains non-nuclear DNA?
Definition
mitochondria
Term
In soybean growth staging, which of the following refers to full bloom?
Definition
R2
Term
As a rice, wheat, or other grain crop plant emerges through the soil surface, the primary leaf or plumate is protected by the:
Definition
hypocotyls
Term
The vascular tissue in a crop plant that conducts nutrients is the:
Definition
phloem
Term
Peanut plants grow:
Definition
with pods forming at the end of pegs below ground
Term
Which of the following is a warm season (C4) grass?
Definition
bermudagrass
Term
Why do some forage plants not re-grow after they are cut?
Definition
They are annuals
Term
The leaf blade of a grass plant is attached to a leaf sheath, which in turn attaches to the stem of the plant at the:
Definition
node
Term
Phototropism is caused by plant hormones that cause a plant to:
Definition
lean toward a light source
Term
An example of a biological pesticide is:
Definition
bacillus thuringensis
Term
What are two insecticides that can inhibit the important enzyme cholinesterase, resulting in rapid twitching and paralysis?
Definition
organophosphates and carbonates
Term
Always read the label of a pesticide at least:
Definition
4 times
Term
The proper mixing order for pesticides is:
Definition
wettable powders - dispersible granules - emulsifiable concentrates - surfactants
Term
The weeds in your field are turning white. Which of the following herbicide types would most likely cause such injury?
Definition
Pigment inhibitor
Term
Which of the following statements appears in some form on every pesticide label?
Definition
Keep out of reach of children
Term
If you wanted to make a banded herbicide application that would apply an equal amount of herbicide over the banded area, you would use what type of nozzle?
Definition
flat-fan EVS
Term
The large phylum Arthropoda includes:
Definition
insects and arachnids
Term
Sclerotinia is:
Definition
a fungus
Term
Pink bollworms damage cotton by:
Definition
all of these
Term
Which of the following soybean disorders is caused by a microscopic pathogenic roundworm?
Definition
Soybean cyst nematode
Term
Which of the following insects is necessary for pollinating cucumbers, squash, watermelon, and cantaloupe?
Definition
None of these
Term
Which of the following insects is best describes as a beetle with copper colored wings and a jade green head?
Definition
Japanese Beetle
Term
Which of the following weeds contains compounds (alkaloids) that are toxic to animals?
Definition
jimson weed
Term
Which of the following pathogens would cause a mottled or mosaic effect in leaf tissue?
Definition
virus
Term
Earliest planting date for a crop species is determined by:
Definition
soil temperature
Term
What is the main purpose for flooding rice during production?
Definition
weed control
Term
A friend wants to plant his 125 acre corn field with a population of 32,000 plants per acre. The seed he will purchase has 80,000 kernels per bag. The germination rate is 99%. How many bags of seed does he need to purchase?
Definition
51 bags
Term
An accurate estimate of a plant population per acre can be obtained by counting the number of plants in a length of row equal to one-thousandth (1/1000) of an acre. How many feet equals one one-thousandth of an acre based on 30 inch row spacing?
Definition
17 feet 5 inches
Term
Which of the following is the highest acceptable moisture content for long term storage of corn for grain?
Definition
15.50000%
Term
You are purchasing hay and have a choice between two lots of alfalfa hay that are equal in quality and both are selling for $150 a ton. There is only one difference: lot A is 10% moisture and lot B is 15% moisture. What is the actual price per ton of dry matter for each lot of hay? Round to the nearest dollar.
Definition
A = $167 and B = $176
Term
You have planted 100 acres of winter wheat, and you realize that the price of cattle is pretty good and the price of wheat is uncertain. So, you decide to contract graze some stocker cattle on your wheat. You can graze their cattle for approximately 42 days from about mid-February until April 1st (you need to remove the cattle by the first hollow stem since you want to retain the option of a grain harvest). You estimate that you can safely remove 1500 lbs/acre of forage (on a dry basis) over the 42 day period (about 35 lbs per acre per day). Animals are expected to gain 2 lbs per day. Average animal forage intake is 3% of body weight per day (dry forage). How many 500 lb steers should you contract?
Definition
200
Term
You have planted your corn along the river in a field that is very heavy clay. Right after planting, you received a heavy rain and the soil crusted badly. You are worried about your corn being able to emerge through the hard crust. What can you do about this situation?
Definition
borrow your neighbor's rotary hoe (and use it on this field)
Term
Generally, which nutrient deficiency causes grass leaves to have yellow margins?
Definition
potassium
Term
Which of the following groups of essential elements are classified as secondary?
Definition
Mg, Ca, and S
Term
A local farmer wants to apply a total of 190 pounds of nitrogen per acre on his rice field. He has spread 8 tons per acre of dry manure with an average analysis of 10 pounds of nitrogen per ton. How many additional pounds of nitrogen must he apply?
Definition
110
Term
The largest particle in soil is:
Definition
sand
Term
A limitation of a no-till cropping system is:
Definition
certain crop disorders may be more of a problem
Term
A soil is classified as "alkaline" if it has a pH
Definition
higher than 7.5
Term
The forms of nitrogen available for plant use are:
Definition
nitrates and ammonium
Term
A soils cation exchange capacity or CEC is determined by its organic matter content and the amount of:
Definition
clay
Term
Vernalization is a process some plants require to flower and produce seed. This process involves exposure to:
Definition
cold temperatures
Term
Sweet corn hybrid XYZ is ready for picking at 82 days in Fairfield, Michigan, but it takes 102 days for the same sweet corn to be ready in Fairfield, Washington. The best explanation for this is difference in:
Definition
degree days
Term
In corn production, VT refers to:
Definition
tassel emergence
Term
Geotropism is caused by plant hormones that cause a plant to:
Definition
both of these
Term
Which of the following crops is a dicot?
Definition
tomato
Term
In small grain production (rice, wheat, rye, barley, or oats), jointing refers to which of the following?
Definition
the first node is visible (Feekes stage 6)
Term
What role does Nitrogen play in a plant?
Definition
Used for synthesis of proteins
Term
Which of the following crops uses the most nitrogen?
Definition
Soybeans
Term
Drought has a severe impact on yield of most grain crops during:
Definition
flowering, reproductive stages
Term
Why would you add a surfactant to a pesticide for application?
Definition
all of these
Term
The broadleaf weeds in your sorghum field are showing cupped leaves and epinasty. Which of the following herbicide types would most likely cause such injury?
Definition
growth regulators
Term
The selectivity of a herbicide if a measure of the:
Definition
species of weeds it will kill or control
Term
Which of the following measures can be used to prevent herbicide resistance from developing in your crops?
Definition
all of these
Term
You are applying Banvel 4EC at a rate of 2 pints per acre using 20 gallons of water per acre of application. You are traveling at 5.0 MPH. The field size is 1500 ft. x 1089 ft. The nozzles are 30 inches apart. How much herbicide and water will you need to treat the field?
Definition
9.3 gallons of Banvel and 750 gallons of water
Term
The reason for adding liquid fertilizer solution to pesticide applications is to:
Definition
All of these
Term
Which of the following is a common class of herbicides used at very low rates (less than 1 oz/acre) in cereal crops?
Definition
Sulfonylurea (SU) "amino acid inhibitor"
Term
Foliar applied herbicides that exhibit differential selectivity are generally based upon what?
Definition
differential metabolism
Term
Which of the following diseases contain certain compounds (alkaloids) that are toxic to animals?
Definition
ergot
Term
Stewarts wilt (Pantoea stewartii) on sweet corn is caused by a(n):
Definition
bacteria
Term
Powdery mildew can be controlled by using which of the following types of crop protection product(s)?
Definition
fungicide
Term
Which of the following insects is considered a beneficial or predatory insect?
Definition
Green Lacewing
Term
With a systemic insecticide the insect may be killed by:
Definition
Both of these
Term
The grain that you had stored is full of holes. Which of the following insects most likely caused this damage?
Definition
sawtooth grain beetle
Term
Which of the following insects is best describes as a yellow beetle with black stripes and a black triangle directly behind the head?
Definition
bean leaf beetle
Term
Which of the following insects serves as a vector for Stewart's wilt on sweet corn?
Definition
flea beetle
Term
Which of the following pathogens would cause a streaming or water-soaked effect in leaf tissue?
Definition
bacteria
Term
Which of the following insects has a gel-like body?
Definition
aphid
Term
Green manuring is a process of:
Definition
growing a crop and plowing it under before planting the next crop
Term
You are planting a field of pinto beans 1000' x 697'. The seed you purchase is 98% pure and has a germination rate of 94%. You want to plant 60 pounds of viable seed per acre. How many actual bags of seed should you buy? The seed comes in 50 pound bags.
Definition
21
Term
An agrichemical has been spilled on the same site year after year and has ended up in ground waster. This situation would be termed:
Definition
a point source contamination problem
Term
You are spraying a field at 6 MPH. Your nozzle output is 0.45 GPM. The nozzles are 35 inches apart. How much spray mixture do you need per acre?
Definition
12.7 gallons.
Term
You are estimating the plant population for your peanut field. In 17 feet 5 inches you counted 25 plants. What is your average plant population per acre?
Definition
25000
Term
You have a center pivot irrigating 148 acres of tomatoes. To control weeds, you will chemigate 4.5 ounces of herbicide per acre on this field. How many gallons of herbicide must you use for this application?
Definition
5.2 gallons
Term
You have a half section of dryland wheat in western Kansas. You have your wheat custom harvested and are quoted a cost of $15 per acre plus $0.25 per bushel. You expect yield of 48 bushels per acre. What are your harvest costs per acre?
Definition
$27
Term
If a soil test indicates that your field is low in phosphorus and potassium, the fertilizer recommendation might suggest that you:
Definition
use more fertilizer than crop removal to build the soil test in the low test areas
Term
You are deciding on nitrogen fertilizer for your 128 acre sorghum field. The soil test recommendation is for 195 pounds of nitrogen per acre. Which of the following options is most economical? You have all the needed equipment for application.
Definition
anhydrous ammonia (82-0-0) at $425 per ton
Term
Prolonged applications of animal manure or biosolids can result in a build up of which of these nutrients?
Definition
phosphorus
Term
Mary Hill owns a wheat farm in Kansas. The soil tests show she needs to apply 45 lbs. of nitrogen per acre to meet her crop goals. She has decided to apply anhydrous ammonia which contains approximately 82% nitrogen to her half section (320 acres) which will be in crop. If anhydrous ammonia costs $0.62 per pound, what will it cost her to fertilize? (Round to two decimal points.)
Definition
10888
Term
Your rice plant has yellow lower leaves. The newer leaves appear greed. The immediate leaves show yellowing from the tip down to the midvein. Which nutrient deficiency likely caused this damage?
Definition
nitrogen
Term
Which of the following crops consumes the most nitrogen, whether as commercial fertilizer or biologically fixed nitrogen?
Definition
Alfalfa
Term
Which of the following soil components has the largest surface area per cubic foot of soil?
Definition
clay
Term
Which of the following soil types would have the highest Cation Exchange Capacity?
Definition
Muck
Term
Which of the following is not a micronutrient needed for plant growth?
Definition
Iodine
Term
The endosperm is _______ to an emerging seed.
Definition
The starchy food source
Term
In corn production, VE refers to:
Definition
Emergence
Term
The first true leaves of a soybean plant are:
Definition
Unifoliate
Term
Which of the following species has a spiked inflorescence?
Definition
Timothy
Term
Which of the following weed species is a biennial?
Definition
Wild carrot
Term
In small grain production (rice, wheat, rye, barley, or oats), which of the following leaves is most important to grain fill?
Definition
The flag leaf
Term
What role does phosphorus play in a plant?
Definition
It is used for energy storage and transfer
Term
On a grass plant, which part is a clasp-like structure located where the blade attaches to the stem?
Definition
Auricle
Term
Which of the following structures would be considered an underground stem?
Definition
Rhizome
Term
Certain genetic lines of corn, soybeans, and cotton have been genetically modified to be tolerant to what commonly used herbicide?
Definition
Roundup
Term
The broadleaf weeds in your corn field are showing a white coloration. Which of the following herbicide types would most likely cause such injury?
Definition
Pigment inhibitor
Term
The movement of pesticides downward through the soil to the water table is called:
Definition
Leaching
Term
One of the best ways to avoid herbicide resistance from occurring is to:
Definition
Use herbicides with different modes of action to control weeds
Term
Looking at the Accent 4DF label, what does the DF stand for?
Definition
Dry flowable
Term
Paraquat is a contact herbicide extensively used in many cropping systems. This material is not effective against perennial weeds such as ________.
Definition
Canada thistle
Term
You are doing a banding application of a pesticide. Your band width is 12 inches. Your nozzles are 35 inches apart. Your speed is 4.5 MPH. You are using 12 gallons per acre. What is your nozzle output?
Definition
0.11 GPM
Term
Barley yellow dwarf is caused by:
Definition
Virus
Term
Your oat crop has a black growth where the seed should be. This blows in the wind. This disease is probably caused by:
Definition
Fungi
Term
Johnsongrass is a serious weed problem in most states due to its spread by both seed and rhizome. Which of these methods would best control this weed?
Definition
Fall applied herbicides
Term
Wheat flour that came from storage has small black insects in it. Which of the following insects is most likely to be the problem?
Definition
sawtooth grain beetle
Term
This disease spreads by water splash and causes problems with water uptake in the plant as it grows in the vascular tissue. The cause is most likely a:
Definition
bacteria
Term
Which of the following weeds would most likely be controlled by a lipid synthesis inhibitor herbicide such as Poast?
Definition
Annual grasses
Term
Of the beetles listed, which is the smallest?
Definition
flea beetle
Term
Mushrooms are:
Definition
fungi
Term
Environmental concerns require farmers to recognize the danger of excessive nitrogen (N) application rates. What form of applied commercial N or form of N resulting from soil organisms altering applied N and manure is most subject to leaching loss from soil?
Definition
Nitrate nitrogen
Term
You are planting a field of red kidney beans 1000' x 697'. The seed you purchase is 99% pure and has a germination rate of 92%. You want to plant 60 pounds of viable seed (PLS) per acre. How many actual bags of seed should you buy? The seed comes in 50 pound bags.
Definition
22
Term
You are spraying a field at 7 MPH. Your nozzle output is 0.32 GPM. The nozzles are 32 inches apart. How much spray mixture do you need per acre?
Definition
8.5 gallons/acre
Term
The PSNT (Pre-sidedress nitrogen test) is used when corn is at what stage of growth to estimate the soil's potential for mineralizing N from organic sources in the soil?
Definition
When the corn is about 12 to 14 inches tall and about to enter its rapid growth phase
Term
Mass flow uptake of nutrients is increased by all but which of the following factors?
Definition
Cloudy, cool weather
Term
The water pH of a soil is an accurate measure of what?
Definition
The concentration of hydrogen ions in the soil solution
Term
In certified organic operations, which of the following fertilizers can be used on acid soils and still provide P for crop uptake?
Definition
Rock phosphate
Term
By cutting alfalfa too late in the fall, the farmer will:
Definition
Weaken the stand next spring or reduce yields next spring
Term
Over repeated applications biosolids and animal manures can cause a buildup of ____________ in the soil.
Definition
phosphorus
Term
Steve Miller owns a vegetable farm in California. The soil tests show he needs to apply 120 lbs. of nitrogen per acre to meet his yield goal for sweet corn. He has decided to apply urea which contains approximately 46% nitrogen to his half section (320 acres) which will be in crop. If urea costs $.39 per pound, what will it cost him for fertilizer? (round to two decimal points)
Definition
32556.52
Term
Your cucumber crop is showing chlorosis starting with the leaf margins of the older leaves. Which of the following nutrients most likely is deficient?
Definition
Potassium
Term
Which of the following is not a primary nutrient for plant growth?
Definition
Calcium
Term
A soil is classified as “acid” if it has a pH
Definition
Below 6.5
Term
Your soil has a pH of 7.5. You need to lower it to 7.0. What can you do?
Definition
Apply sulfur
Term
Which of the following components of soil would have the least surface area per cubic foot?
Definition
Sand
Term
Which of the following nutrients is considered a micronutrient needed for plant growth?
Definition
Zinc
Term
Which of the following is not a liming material?
Definition
Potassium nitrate
Term
Which of the following crops would require the most phosphorus during the growing season?
Definition
Alfalfa – 6 dry tons per acre
Term
In corn production, VT refers to:
Definition
Tasseling
Term
Which of the following species is a simple perennial?
Definition
Dandelion
Term
The first true leaves on a soybean plant are __________.
Definition
Unifoliate
Term
A soybean plant has the top of the plant eaten by a ground hog. The plant recovers and continues to grow. What part of the plant makes this possible?
Definition
Axillary buds
Term
What role does Nitrogen play in a plant?
Definition
It is a major component of chlorophyll.
Term
In small grain production (rice, wheat, rye, barley or oats), which of the following leaves is most important to grain fill?
Definition
The flag leaf
Term
Which of the following has a spiked inflorescence?
Definition
Rye
Term
On a grass plant which part is a membranous or hairy structure located where the blade attaches to the stem?
Definition
Ligule
Term
In small grain production jointing occurs at __________.
Definition
Feekes stage 6
Term
The part of the seed that becomes the first root is called the ____________.
Definition
Radicle
Term
Which of the following statements appears on all pesticide labels?
Definition
Keep out of reach of children.
Term
All of the weeds in the field are turning yellow (chlorotic) about ten days after application. Which of the following herbicide types most likely caused these symptoms?
Definition
amino acid inhibitor
Term
Contact cell membrane disrupter herbicides like Gramoxone Extra are used for harvest aids and weed control in many cropping systems. Which of the following weeds would most likely not be controlled by these herbicides?
Definition
Curly dock
Term
When looking at a label for Banvel 4F, what does the F stand for?
Definition
Flowable
Term
Which of the following is the best way to avoid herbicide resistance?
Definition
Rotate crops using different herbicide families.
Term
The movement of pesticides through air currents from the application site is called ____________.
Definition
Drift
Term
You are doing an application of Balance Pro prior to planting your corn crop. Your nozzles are 36 inches apart. Your speed is 5.0 MPH. You are applying 15 gallons of spray per acre. What is your nozzle output?
Definition
0.45 GPM
Term
A thick, waxy plant cuticle:
Definition
increases the amount of herbicide needed
Term
Rainfall or irrigation is needed after a preemergence herbicide application to:
Definition
move the herbicide into the weed germination zone
Term
Certain genetic lines of corn, soybeans and cotton have been genetically modified to be tolerant to what commonly used herbicide:
Definition
Liberty
Term
Ergot, a disease of cereal grains, may have been responsible for the Salem Witch Trials. It forms black sclerotia that overwinter. This is caused by what agent?
Definition
Fungi
Term
Canada thistle is a problem weed that spreads by creeping roots. Which of these methods would best control this weed?
Definition
Fall applied herbicides
Term
Which of the following insects is considered beneficial or predatory?
Definition
Green lacewing
Term
Your tobacco leaves look mottled and twisted. Nothing has been sprayed in the area. What is the most likely cause listed?
Definition
Virus
Term
Why would you add a surfactant to a pesticide for application?
Definition
All of the answers listed
Term
With a systemic insecticide the insect may be killed by:
Definition
Ingesting a portion of the plant; Contact with the insecticide from spraying the field
Term
Stewarts wilt (Pantoea stewartii) on sweet corn is caused by a:
Definition
A bacteria
Term
Which of the following pathogens would cause a streaming or water-soaked effect in leaf tissue?
Definition
bacteria
Term
What are two insecticides that can inhibit the important enzyme cholinesterase, resulting in rapid twitching and paralysis?
Definition
Organophosphates and carbamates
Term
Johnsongrass is a serious weed problem in crops such as corn and sugarcane because
Definition
All of the answers listed
Term
What tools does the USDA use to detect and monitor a new crop disease problem such as Asian soybean rust?
Definition
All of the answers listed
Term
Your tomatoes are planted in 30 inch rows. In 17 ft. 5 in. of row length you count 21 plants. What is your estimated plant population per acre?
Definition
21000
Term
Earliest planting date for a crop species is determined by . . .
Definition
soil temperature
Term
A friend wants to plant his 55 acre lettuce field with a population of 26,000 plants per acre. The recommended seeding rate for the selected variety is 7 pounds per acre. The germination rate is 98%. How many pounds of seed does he need to plant to cover the field?
Definition
392.9 pounds
Term
If the recommended seeding rate for oats is 13 to 21 seeds per foot within a 7 inch row, what would happen if the rate was increased to 58 seeds per foot within a 7 inch row?
Definition
Disease and lodging would increase
Term
An agrichemical has been spilled on the same site year after year and has ended up in ground water. This situation would be termed:
Definition
A point source contamination problem
Term
You are planting a field of pinto beans 1200’ X 797’. The seed you purchase is 98% pure and has a germination rate of 94%. You want to plant 60 pounds of viable seed per acre. How many actual bags of seed should you buy? The seed comes in 50 pound bags.
Definition
29
Term
Green manuring is a process of:
Definition
Growing a crop and plowing it under before planting the next crop
Term
Depth of fertility soil sampling should:
Definition
Reflect depth of tillage and crop characteristics
Term
Mg, magnesium, is an important element that may have to be added to soils to prevent which of the following conditions in ruminant animals?
Definition
Grass tetany
Term
A biennial weed will live for ________.
Definition
2 years
Term
The major casual agent of plant disease is ________.
Definition
fungi
Term
A nematode is a type of ________.
Definition
roundworm
Term
A type of regulatory control is ________.
Definition
plant quarantine
Term
The control practice that relies on the introduction of parasites and predators is ________.
Definition
biological
Term
A threshold level is also known as the ________.
Definition
pest concentration
Term
A pesticide used to control diseases is a/an ________.
Definition
fungicide
Term
An example of an inorganic pesticide is ________.
Definition
Bordeaux mixture
Term
The total amount of pesticides used annually in the United States is ________.
Definition
1 billion pounds
Term
A preemergence herbicide is applied ________.
Definition
before the weed or crop is present
Term
Which herbicide family inhibits photosynthesis?
Definition
triazines
Term
An example of botanical insecticide is ________.
Definition
rotenone
Term
Pesticide registration often takes
Definition
between 8 and 10 years
Term
Pesticide risk can be decreased by ________.
Definition
all of the answers listed
Term
The signal word(s) for a highly toxic pesticide is ________.
Definition
DANGER-POISON
Term
An example of protective clothing or gear that will minimize inhalation of a pesticide is ________.
Definition
a respirator
Term
The number of lethal pesticide poisoning cases per year is ________.
Definition
more than 100
Term
The primary function of the root is to ________.
Definition
anchor the plant and supply water and nutrients
Term
The portion of the root that takes in the water and plant nutrients is the ________.
Definition
root hair
Term
The major types of root systems are ________.
Definition
fibrous and taproot
Term
The area of cell division is ________.
Definition
responsible for the production of new cells on the tip of the root
Term
The phloem ________.
Definition
carries the manufactured food from the leaves to the roots
Term
Herbaceous stems ________.
Definition
are green and are not winter hardy
Term
The node ________.
Definition
is the part of the stem where the leaf is attached
Term
The study of functions and the complex chemical processes that allow plants to grow is known as ________.
Definition
plant physiology
Term
Chlorophyll is important in plants because it ________.
Definition
is also known as the chloroplasts
Term
The rate at which photosynthesis is carried out depends on ________.
Definition
the light intensity, temperature, and concentration of carbon dioxide
Term
Photosynthesis will work best in which temperature range?
Definition
65 to 85 degrees F
Term
Respiration ________.
Definition
uses food for plant energy
Term
Plant nutrition is ________.
Definition
use of basic chemical elements in the plant
Term
Moderate and frequent irrigation would normally be most appropriate for a corn crop growing in a
Definition
light-textured soil, such as a loamy sand
Term
Nitrogen deficiency is first detected in the older leaves because
Definition
nitrogen is a mobile element
Term
Soil sampling should not be conducted
Definition
if the soil is frozen
Term
Band applications of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K):
Definition
concentrate nutrients for rapid growth
Term
A nutrient has greater potential to move into groundwater on a soil with:
Definition
high sand content, such as a sandy soil
Term
Phosphorus will not move a great deal in soil because:
Definition
it is an anion and reacts with calcium, iron, aluminum and clay surfaces
Term
Soil pH is a measure of:
Definition
acidity or alkalinity in soil
Term
Depth of fertility soil sampling should:
Definition
reflect depth of tillage
Term
Potassium is held in soil:
Definition
by binding to electrical charges on/in minerals and clays
Term
Which of the following should be considered when crediting nitrogen from animal waste?
Definition
the type of animal producing the waste
Term
Which of the following crops would use the most nitrogen during the growing season?
Definition
alfalfa – 6 dry tons per acre
Term
Which of the following stages of wheat growth comes first in the development of a wheat plant?
Definition
tiller stage
Term
Which of the following species is a biennial?
Definition
Wild carrot
Term
If a V2 sweet corn plant has the top eaten by a deer, how does it continue to grow?
Definition
growing point was below ground
Term
What role do rhizobia bacteria play in white clover plant development?
Definition
fix nitrogen from the air and make it available to the plant.
Term
What role does nitrogen play in a plant?
Definition
it is a major component of chlorophyll.
Term
Which of the following has a panicle inflorescence?
Definition
Kentucky bluegrass
Term
On a grass plant which part is the clasping part that holds the leaf to the stem?
Definition
auricle
Term
In corn production at which growth stage does the plant need the most water?
Definition
VT
Term
The part of the seed that is food for the embryo is called the
Definition
endosperm
Term
Your tomato plants are twisting toward the ground and dying. Which of these type of herbicides most likely caused this damage?
Definition
growth regulator
Term
When looking at the Counter 5G label, for what does the G stand?
Definition
granular
Term
You are doing an application of Balance Pro prior to planting your corn crop. Your nozzles are 40 inches apart. Your speed is 5.0 MPH. You are applying 10 gallons of spray per acre. What is your nozzle output?
Definition
0.34 GPM
Term
A herbicide application made before the crop or weeds emerges is:
Definition
a preemergence application
Term
Rainfall is needed after a preemergence application to:
Definition
move the herbicide into the weed germination zone
Term
Certain genetic lines of corn and soybeans have been genetically modified to be tolerant to what commonly used herbicide:
Definition
Roundup
Term
The reason for adding liquid fertilizer solution to pesticide applications is to:
Definition
All of the answers listed
Term
You are doing a banding application of a pesticide to your onions. Your band width is 12 inches. Your nozzles are 34 inches apart. Your speed is 5.0 MPH. You are using 10 gallons per acre. What is your nozzle output?
Definition
0.10 GPM
Term
Weeds such as nightshade are hard to control in crops like tomato because:
Definition
they are in the same family.
Term
Corn mushroom (smut) is considered a delicacy in some cultures. What causes this disease?
Definition
fungi
Term
Johnsongrass is a problem weed that spreads by rhizomes. Which of these methods would best control this weed?
Definition
fall applied herbicides
Term
Which of the following weeds contains alkaloids that can cause hallucinations or death if ingested?
Definition
jimsonweed
Term
Barley yellow dwarf is caused by
Definition
virus
Term
Which of the following insects is naturally pollinates crops such as cucumber, watermelon, and cantaloupe?
Definition
honey bee
Term
Wheat flour that came from storage has small black insects in it. Which of the following insect is most likely to be the problem?
Definition
saw-toothed grain beetle
Term
This disease spreads by water splash and causes problems with water uptake in the plant as it grows in the vascular tissue. The cause is most likely a
Definition
bacteria
Term
Which of the following insects has a gel-like body?
Definition
aphid
Term
Which of the following insects serves as a vector for Stewart’s wilt on sweet corn?
Definition
flea beetle
Term
You are called by your neighbor to look at his cucumbers. The foliage is covered with white spots. With close inspection the spots appear powdery. Which of the following most likely caused the problem?
Definition
powdery mildew
Term
Weeds are a problem year after year because:
Definition
the seed can be dormant in the soil
Term
A recognizable compaction layer in a field is often called:
Definition
a plow pan
Term
Jessie is fertilizing her horse pasture with a 12’ spreader She has marked the tire on the spreader and has found that by turning the tire one revolution she travels 5’. Next she borrows a pan from the fertilizer dealer and attaches it to the spreader to measure the amount of fertilizer dropped by the spreader. She pulls the spreader with her tractor so the tire on the spreader turns a total of 6 revolutions. She then weighs the fertilizer. ¾ pound of fertilizer was collected. At this rate how much is she applying per acre to her pasture?
Definition
90.75 lbs.
Term
A friend wants to plant his 45 acre lettuce field with a population of 28,000 plants per acre. The recommended seeding rate for the selected variety is 7.5 pounds per acre. The germination rate is 97.8%. How many pounds of seed does he need to plant to cover the field?
Definition
345 pounds
Term
A systemic fungicide
Definition
moves throughout the plant
Term
Which of the following is a way to prevent pesticide resistance?
Definition
rotate pesticides with different moves of action
Term
Your soil test recommends 85 pounds of nitrogen per acre applied to your 75 acre canola oilseed crop. How much 36-0-0 do you need to apply per acre to meet the recommendation?
Definition
236 lbs.
Term
Cropping systems can modify soil structure by:
Definition
All of the answers listed
Term
Most soil compaction results from:
Definition
driving on or tilling wet ground
Term
Reduced root growth and poor water and nutrient uptake may indicate:
Definition
soil compaction
Term
Structure
Definition
the make up of soil particles; usually viewed as a percent
Term
A horizon
Definition
top soil
Term
Nitrogen fixation
Definition
process of converting nitrogen gas into nitrogen usable by plants
Term
Parent material
Definition
Material from which a soil is formed, determines composition and properties of the soil
Term
Horizon
Definition
a specific layer or stratum of soil or subsoil in a vertical cross section of land
Term
Inert
Definition
not active
Term
Glacial deposits
Definition
sediment and rocks deposited from a glacier
Term
Sphagnum
Definition
any of various pale or ashy mosses of the genus Sphagnum whose decomposed remains form peat
Term
Bogs
Definition
an area of waterlogged soil that tends to be peaty; fed mainly by precipitation; low productivity; some bogs are acidic
Term
Active ingredients
Definition
components that achieve one or more purposes of a fertilizer mixture
Term
Water-logged
Definition
soaked with moisture
Term
Bedrock
Definition
the solid layer of rock beneath the soil
Term
Soil amendment
Definition
a change or addition to soil
Term
Petiole
Definition
young stem and leaves
Term
Clay
Definition
the smallest soil particle that is plastic when moist but hard when dried
Term
Complete fertilizer
Definition
contains all primary plant nutrients (N,P,K)
Term
Colluvial deposits
Definition
type of gravity deposit - materials fall and move down steep slopes by gravitational forces. Unsorted materials contain angular rock fragments with source rock in close proximity
Term
Microbes
Definition
a microorganism
Term
Mineral matter
Definition
weathered rock components in soil
Term
Lacustrine deposits
Definition
soil deposited around lakes
Term
Clayey soil
Definition
fine-textured soil
Term
Loamy soil
Definition
medium-textured soil; contain equal parts of sand, silt and clay
Term
Hydroponics
Definition
a technique of growing plants (without soil) in water containing dissolved nutrients
Term
Media
Definition
all materials that can support plant life
Term
Foliar spray
Definition
spraying fertilizer directly onto plant leaves
Term
pH
Definition
measure of how acidic or basic a solution is, ranging in a scale from 0 to 14
Term
Aeroponics
Definition
growing plants with roots suspended in air while being misted regularly with a nutrient solution
Term
Aggregate culture
Definition
using sand, gravel or marbles to support plant roots
Term
Alluvial deposits
Definition
soils deposited by streams or rivers
Term
Loess deposits
Definition
windblown deposits of fine-grained sediments
Term
Permeable
Definition
penetrable; porous; allowing liquids or gas to pass through
Term
Profile
Definition
a vertical section of the Earth's crust showing the different horizons or layers
Term
Crumbs
Definition
another name for soil aggregates
Term
Water culture, solution culture, or nuticulture
Definition
growing plants with roots immersed in water containing dissolved nutrients
Term
Medium
Definition
a specific material that supports plant life
Term
Silt
Definition
the second smallest soil particle that is slick on your fingers when wet and powdery when dried
Term
Subsoil
Definition
a layer of soil beneath the topsoil that has lower organic content and higher concentrations of fine mineral particles; often contains soluble compounds and clay particles carried down by percolating water
Term
Topsoil
Definition
the uppermost layer of soil suitable for plant growth
Term
Fertilizer grade
Definition
proportions of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K)
Term
B horizon
Definition
sub-soil
Term
Percolation
Definition
the downward movement of water through soil and rock due to gravity
Term
Decomposed
Definition
broken down or disintegrated by rot
Term
Vermiculite
Definition
a chemical used for water absorption and adding aeration to soil
Term
Incorporating fertilizer
Definition
mixing fertilizer into soil
Term
Neutral
Definition
pH value of &
Term
Leaf mold
Definition
soil composed mainly of decaying leaves
Term
Starter solution
Definition
diluted mixture of fertilizer used when plants are transplanted
Term
Perlite
Definition
sponge rock, water absorption, coarse, drainage, can only hold its weight by volume
Term
Band application of fertilizers
Definition
places fertilizers about 2 in. to one side of and slightly below the seed
Term
Broadcasting
Definition
spreading evenly over the entire surface
Term
Acidity
Definition
pH values below 7 (sour soil)
Term
Gypsum
Definition
soil amendment used to reduce the alkalinity of soils
Term
Continuous-flow hydroponic systems
Definition
growing plants with a nutrient solution constantly flowing over plant roots
Term
O horizon
Definition
organic material
Term
Tillable
Definition
(of farmland) capable of being farmed productively
Term
Sandy soil
Definition
coarse-textured soil
Term
Nitrates
Definition
special compounds containing nitrogen and oxygen
Term
Alkalinity
Definition
pH values above 7 (sweet soil)
Term
Primary plant nutrients
Definition
nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K)
Term
Peat moss
Definition
a blackish-brown material that forms when mosses become compressed into layers over time
Term
C horizon
Definition
bedrock
Term
Side-dressing
Definition
done by placing fertilizer in bands about 8 in. from the row of growing crops
Term
Sand
Definition
the largest soil particle that absorbs very little water or nutrient
Term
Residual soils
Definition
soils form in place without first being moved by wind or water
Term
Knife application
Definition
applying fertilizer in the form of gas (i.e. anhydrous ammonia) into the soil using knives
Term
Leached
Definition
remove soluble parts by running water over or through a substance
Term
Top dressing
Definition
procedure where fertilizer is broadcast lightly over close-growing plants
Term
Compost
Definition
a mixture of various decaying organic substances, as dead leaves or manure, used for fertilizing soil
Term
Barnyard grass
Definition
no ligule, head rolled into the grass at base
Term
Buckhorn Plantain
Definition
parallel veins and long narrow leaves growing in a whole arrangement close to the ground
Term
Alfalfa
Definition
trifoliate leaves (three)-small notches on the very tip of the leaf
Term
Blue Grass
Definition
look at the folded bud like on orchard grass
Term
Barley
Definition
widest leaf of cereal grains, large clasping auricles, no hair
Term
Nitrogen fixation in soybean occurs in specialized root structures called
Definition
nodules
Term
Growth staging in soybeans are divided into vegetative and reproductive stages. The R1 stage is defined as
Definition
beginning bloom: one open flower at any node on the main stem
Term
The stage of growth of soybeans known as V3 indicates
Definition
three internodes have leaves
Term
High night temperatures during seed fill may decrease soybean yield by increasing
Definition
respiration
Term
Soybeans do not need the nutrient ________ if they have been properly inoculated
Definition
nitrogen
Term
Very early mechanical weed control in an early emerged soybean crop may be accomplished by the use of a
Definition
rotary hoe
Term
You delivered 30,000 pounds of soybeans to the grain elevator at the price of $13.00 per bushel. How much money should you receive?
Definition
$6,500
Term
Post-emergence herbicides are applied
Definition
after the crop and weeds are up
Term
A farmer has counted an average of 83 beans in 10 square feet after harvesting soybeans. If an acre contains 43,560 square feet and 3,000 seeds per pound what is his harvest loss in bushels per acre?
Definition
2.0
Term
The suggested winter storage temperature for grains and oilseeds in the Upper Midwest is
Definition
20-30 degrees F
Term
The maximum moisture content at which soybeans can be marketed without discount for moisture is
Definition
13.00000%
Term
The hilum of the soybean seed is
Definition
the part of the seed attached to the pod and is usually black, brown or yellow in color
Term
An optimum population per acre for high combine harvested yield of soybeans is
Definition
150000
Term
If soybean plant populations are low, soybeans will compensate for much of the low density by
Definition
branching
Term
Edible seeds of legumes such as soybeans are called
Definition
pulses
Term
The active ingredient in the herbicide used on most soybean acreage is
Definition
Glyphosate
Term
The oil and protein in soybean seed is typically in the ratio of
Definition
1:2 oil to protein
Term
Under favorable conditions of moisture and soil structure soybeans should be planted how deep?
Definition
2 inches
Term
Which one of the following is effective at reducing soybean aphid damage?
Definition
insecticide sprays
Term
Which of the following is the best description of iron chlorosis symptoms?
Definition
interveinal chlorosis on the trifoliate leaves
Term
Cool season grassy weeds, such as wild oats can best be controlled by non-chemical methods through
Definition
delayed planting
Term
Barley normally forms tillers which are
Definition
additional seed-producing stems
Term
The recommended seeding rate of barley per acre is about
Definition
85 pounds
Term
Barley harvest can make you itch because of its rachilla hairs. The rachilla is attached to the
Definition
seed
Term
Some barley varieties can be differentiated based on their aleurone color of blue or white. The aleurone layer is part of the
Definition
seed
Term
Barley belongs to a group of crop plants known as
Definition
cereals
Term
The threshed caryopsis (grain) of barley is covered by
Definition
lemma and palea
Term
The structure that protects the first leaf of barley as it emerges through the soil during germination is the
Definition
coleoptile
Term
Barley has a root system described as
Definition
fibrous
Term
Farmers must be careful not to over fertilize barley with ________ because it will increase lodging and grain protein content which are both undesirable
Definition
nitrogen
Term
The species most difficult to control in a growing crop of barley
Definition
annual grass weeds
Term
At the "boot" stage of development the plant is near
Definition
heading
Term
Barley is usually planted in a row spacing of
Definition
6-7 inches
Term
Malting barley must have low values of the following
Definition
vomitoxin
Term
The normal planting depth of barley in inches is
Definition
1.50
Term
Barley is a self-pollinated crop; consequently seed saved from the crop will be genetically ________ to the variety planted
Definition
identical
Term
Maximum moisture content for safe storage of barley grain is
Definition
13.0
Term
In the field, barley grain is considered physiologically mature when
Definition
upper internode supporting the head has lost all green color
Term
One of the major diseases of barley is
Definition
Fusarium head blight
Term
Seed treatment before planting is effective for the control of which barley disease
Definition
loose smut
Term
After taking a soil test, the final decision on the amount of fertilizer to apply for barley will be determined by
Definition
All of the answers listed
Term
One of the key concepts of integrated pest management in crop production is
Definition
wait until a problem exceeds the economic threshold before any treatment action is taken
Term
The two morphological types of barley are
Definition
two-rowed and six-rowed
Term
The two main end-use classifications of barley are
Definition
feed and malting
Term
Adventitious roots are:
Definition
specialized roots that grow from uncommon places, such as stems and leaves
Term
Cuticle
Definition
top-most layer of the leaf, waxy protective covering of the leaf
Term
Stamen
Definition
male part of the flower that contains the pollen, anther and filament
Term
Root cap
Definition
thimble-shaped mass of cells covering and protecting the growing tip of a root
Term
Internode
Definition
a segment of a stem between two nodes
Term
Pollination
Definition
transfer of pollen from anther to stigma
Term
Margins
Definition
the edge of the leaf
Term
Taproot
Definition
one main root that grows deep into the soil
Term
Mesophyll
Definition
tissue of the leaf where photosynthesis occurs
Term
Corolla
Definition
collectively, all of the petals of the flower
Term
Ovules
Definition
unfertilized seeds
Term
Vegetative bud
Definition
a bud at the tip of a stem that will produce further stem growth
Term
Style
Definition
enlarged terminal part of the pistil
Term
Petals
Definition
brightly colored, sometimes fragrant portion of the flower
Term
Leaf blade
Definition
the wide portion of the leaf in which photosynthesis occurs
Term
Guard cells
Definition
cells that surround the stoma
Term
Bract
Definition
modified leaf that is often brightly colored and showy
Term
Anther
Definition
portion of the male part that contains and manufactures the pollen
Term
Compound leaf
Definition
two or more leaves arising from a common point on the stem
Term
Stems
Definition
the above ground part of plants that supports leaves and flowers
Term
Tubers
Definition
modified underground stems that store large amounts of food (usually starch)
Term
Pollen
Definition
small grains that are necessary for fertilization in the flower
Term
Flower
Definition
reproductive part of the plant
Term
Simple leaf
Definition
a single leaf arising from a plant stem
Term
Herbaceous
Definition
stems that are tender and non-winter hardy
Term
Area of cell elongation
Definition
area of the root where plant cells grow and add length to the root
Term
Nut
Definition
a fruit or seed contained within a removable outer cover
Term
Taxonomy
Definition
systematic classification of plants and animals
Term
Phototropism
Definition
plant growth in response to light
Term
Area of cell division
Definition
area of the root where plant cells reproduce
Term
Leaf
Definition
the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants; consisting of stipule, petiole and blade
Term
Stoma
Definition
small openings, usually on the lower side of the leaf that control movement of gases
Term
Fruit
Definition
mature ovary; seed
Term
Sepals
Definition
small green leaflike structures found at the base of the flower
Term
Spongy layer
Definition
lower, irregular layer in the leaf that allows the veins, or vascular bundle, to extend into the leaf
Term
Fibrous roots
Definition
part of a root system in which roots branch to such an extent that no single root grows larger than the rest
Term
Woody
Definition
hard and rigid stems
Term
Species
Definition
the basic unit in the classification system whose members have similar structure, common ancestors, and maintain their characteristics; subgroup of genus
Term
Stigma
Definition
part of the pistil that receives the pollen
Term
Flowering bud
Definition
a bud at the tip of a stem that will produce flowers
Term
Imperfect flower
Definition
flower that is missing one or more of the following parts: stamen, pistil, petals or sepals
Term
Pistil
Definition
female part of the flower consisting of the stigma, style, ovary and ovules
Term
Vascular bundles
Definition
a strand of vascular tissues (both xylem and phloem) in a plant stem
Term
Corms
Definition
short, vertical underground stem that stores food (occurs in gladioli, crocuses and water chestnuts)
Term
Terminal bud
Definition
a bud at the tip of a stem
Term
Caylx
Definition
collectively, all the sepals of a flower
Term
Ornamental plants
Definition
plants grown for the beauty
Term
Xylem
Definition
vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant
Term
Perfect flower
Definition
flower containing all of the parts: stamen, pistil, petal and sepals
Term
Chloroplasts
Definition
capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell
Term
Axillary bud
Definition
a structure that has the potential to form a lateral shoot or branch. The bud appears in the angle formed between a leaf and a stem
Term
Area of cell maturation
Definition
area of the root where cells mature
Term
Vegetable
Definition
any herbaceous plant whose fruit, seeds, roots, tubers, bulbs, stems, leaves or flower parts are used as food
Term
Ovary
Definition
female organ that produces eggs or female sex cells; also, that portion of the flower that contains the ovules or seeds
Term
Root hairs
Definition
tiny hair like extensions that increase the surface area of the root
Term
Axil
Definition
the angle between the upper side of the stem and a leaf, branch or petiole
Term
Lenticels
Definition
small pores on the stem that allow for passage of gases
Term
Genus
Definition
(plural is genera) a closely related and definable group of plants comprising one or more species; the taxonomic category between family and species
Term
Bulbs
Definition
short, underground stem that's surrounded by leaves that contain stored food (occurs in tulips, lilies and onions)
Term
Variety
Definition
a subdivision of a species, it has various inheritable characteristics of form and structure that are continued through both sexual and asexual propagation
Term
Epidermis
Definition
surface layer on the lower and upper side of the leaf
Term
Filament
Definition
structure that supports the anther
Term
Palisade cells
Definition
elongated, vertical cells that give the leaf strength and manufacture food
Term
Binomial
Definition
having two names
Term
Which of the following plants can symbiotically fix nitrogen?
Definition
lentils
Term
A fertilizer that is a high pressure liquid and 82.2% nitrogen is
Definition
anhydrous ammonia
Term
Potassium fertilizer would be needed most on
Definition
clay loam soil
Term
Soil structure is defined as
Definition
the way sand, silt and clay are grouped together
Term
The soil with the best water holding capacity would be
Definition
clay loam
Term
Wind erosion that moves small sized particles over great distances is what type of erosion?
Definition
surface creep
Term
An insecticide that moves throughout the plant is
Definition
systemic
Term
Which of the following signal words represent the greatest hazard?
Definition
danger
Term
One limitation of a no-till system is
Definition
certain pests may be more of a problem
Term
A hybrid is
Definition
offspring of two parents that are different in one or more heritable characteristics
Term
A cultivar is
Definition
a cultivated variety within a plant species that is different from other members of its species
Term
The label directs you to add a spreader-sticker to the tank mix. The application rate for the spreader-sticker (surfactant) is 3 quarts per 100 gallons of water. You need to mix 115 gallons of spray. How much spreader-sticker do you need?
Definition
110 oz
Term
You have a fungicide with a 50WP formulation. The label recommends 3 pounds of active ingredient per acre applied. How much product do you need to apply to meet this recommendation?
Definition
6 pounds
Term
You are planting 40 acres of pinto beans. You want to plant 60 pounds of viable seed per acre. The seed you purchased is 95% pure with a germination of 95%. How many actual pounds must you plant?
Definition
2805 pounds
Term
Integrated pest management (IPM) is pest control based on the principle of
Definition
management of pest populations through chemical and nonchemical procedures
Term
Plant diseases native to an area and generally at a low level are called
Definition
endemic
Term
Most fungicides are applied
Definition
as protectants
Term
Plant diseases occur when the following occur at the same time:
Definition
a susceptible plant, a virulent pathogen and a favorable environment
Term
Management of plant diseases
Definition
can be successfully accomplished with an integrated approach utilizing resistant plants, cultural controls and chemicals
Term
It may be necessary to repeat an application of a foliar *ex. Leafblights) fungicide because
Definition
the plant continues to produce new unprotected foliage
Term
Viruses are transmitted between plants
Definition
by insects, mechanically, or by pollen
Term
An example of an insect that is a predator is a
Definition
green lacewing
Term
There are _____ sections of land in a township
Definition
36
Term
The lifecycle of a plant that grows vegetation the first year then flowers and produces seed the next year is a
Definition
biennial
Term
Winter varieties of crops need a cool or freezing period in order to insure the plant will flower the next year. For example winter wheat. This process is called
Definition
vernalization
Term
The tillers of a plant can best be described as
Definition
stems
Term
The most common type of corn grown in the United States is
Definition
dent
Term
Select the condition that could help reduce pesticide volatilization
Definition
incorporation
Term
Spray drift is the least when which of the following conditions exist?
Definition
droplet size increases, wind speed decreases
Term
Drift problems can be reduced by
Definition
placing a spray boom as close to the target as possible
Term
The average water needs of a plant are greatest when
Definition
the plant is nearing or in reproductive stage
Term
What improves the chances that a corn plant survives a frost?
Definition
location of the plant growing point
Term
Which of the following plants best tolerates drought?
Definition
perennial forages
Term
The primary advantage of fallowing land is
Definition
improve soil moisture
Term
What advantage does a crop rotation system have over a single crop system?
Definition
helps break pest cycles
Term
The symptoms are: chlorotic leaves, with yellowish, reddish or purplish tints developing, leaves falling prematurely and smaller plants with a lower yield. All symptoms of
Definition
nitrogen deficiency
Term
Which of the following nutrients becomes more available as the pH increase? (becomes more alkaline)
Definition
calcium
Term
In small grain production, jointing refers to which of the following?
Definition
the first node is visible
Term
Your agronomist suggests applying a 35-0-0-10 fertilizer to your land. The 10 represents 10%
Definition
sulphur
Term
In some cases, one can estimate the amount of organic matter found in the soil until it becomes totally black. Soil is black when the organic matter content is equal to or greater than _____ percent
Definition
5
Term
Your soil test recommends 150 pounds of nitrogen per acre applied to your 25 acre field. How much 35-0-0 do you need to apply to meet the recommendation for this field?
Definition
429 lbs./acre
Term
Which of the following is NOT a plant pathogen?
Definition
weeds
Term
In general, the optimum pH for the growth of most plants is between
Definition
6.0 - 6.5
Term
Which of the following definitions best describes a petiole?
Definition
the stem attached to the leaf
Term
Which of the following conditions is best for long-term seed storage?
Definition
low temperature, low relative humidity
Term
________ is when a plant produces a chemical toxin that impairs the growth of a different plant
Definition
Allelopathy
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