Term
|
Definition
| Animals raised to benefit humans in some way, mainly domesticated animals |
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|
Term
| When did livestock domestication start? |
|
Definition
| 6,000 to 12,000 years ago |
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|
Term
| 3 animals currently being domesticated |
|
Definition
Bison
Crickets/insects
Fish |
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|
Term
| When were sheep domesticates |
|
Definition
10,000 BCE
One of the first to be domesticated |
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|
Term
| Why were sheep domesticated |
|
Definition
| Meat, clothes, milk, and smaller in stature |
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Term
| When were cattle domesticated? (Taurus vs Indicus) |
|
Definition
Taurine - 10,500 years ago
Indicine - 8,500 years ago |
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Term
|
Definition
The original animal Cattle were domesticated from
shoulders were 2m tall |
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Term
| How many sites of domestication are there for the Bos taurine variety? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When were pigs domesticated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where did pigs originate? |
|
Definition
| Turkey/Middle East and northern China |
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|
Term
| What could be a trigger for the domestication of pigs? |
|
Definition
| Deforestation -> Less habitat to hide in |
|
|
Term
| When were chickens starting to be domesticated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a big reason it was easy to domesticated chickens? |
|
Definition
| They have an easily manipulated reproductive system |
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|
Term
| When did we domesticate horses? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was the reason for domesticating horses? |
|
Definition
| Originally hunted for meat, then used as draft animals |
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Term
| What does an animal need to be a "candidate" for domestication? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is selective breeding? |
|
Definition
| Breeding used to emphasise a trait of interest/value, this trait is usually rare in the wild |
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Term
| What are the 7 (technically 6) reasons to domesticate animals? |
|
Definition
- Food Production
- Clothing
- Non-Food Products
- Power
- Land Management
- Recreation & Sport |
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Term
|
Definition
| Palatability, Protein composition (better match for humans), the micro-nutrients are in higher supply, and socio-economic changes |
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Term
| What are some non-food animal products? |
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Definition
| Lanolin, rennet (cheese curdling), fertilisers, various health products, and more |
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Term
| Why/how are animals used for power? |
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Definition
| Draft animals -> Farm power before technology, and for transportation before technology could be used |
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Term
| How are animals used for land management? |
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Definition
| They can graze land not suitable for crop agriculture |
|
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Term
| How much of total arable land is for pasture? |
|
Definition
2/3
- 60% of which cannot be used for cropping |
|
|
Term
| How much of livestock feed is not consumable by humans directly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some uses for manure? |
|
Definition
Fertilizer
Feul
Organic matter |
|
|
Term
| How do livestock help with land conservation? |
|
Definition
Managing the prairies - carbon sequestering
Managing land by grazing it and preserving native species of vegetation and animals |
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|
Term
| How does livestock provide economic benefit when they are so costly to feed and manage? |
|
Definition
| Adds value to commodity crops and provides a place for crops that are not fit for human consumption to go |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of producer based goals? |
|
Definition
- Food production
- Safe food -> Quality and quantity
- Fiber production
- Animal performance -> For recreation and sport
- Economic benefits -> Efficiency |
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Term
|
Definition
Average Daily Gain
Measures animal performance |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Different aspects of the animal have different growth rates |
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|
Term
| If an animal is growing after maturity what is most likely being deposited? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is allometric growth? |
|
Definition
| The growth ratios of an animal |
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Term
|
Definition
| All aspects of the animal grow at the same rate -> Proportional growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The current state of being that the animal is in, eg early pregnancy, lactation, weaning, puberty, etc... |
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|
Term
| What is the number 1 cost in livestock? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the number 1 input in livestock systems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What proportion of livestock feed is grain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What livestock feed is produced at the highest rate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are most feed mills found in Canada? |
|
Definition
| Ontario (30%) and Quebec (36%) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
- Feed must be registered
- Product standards / Guaranteed analysis
- Packaging and labelling regulations
- Sampling, analysis, and enforcement |
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|
Term
|
Definition
- Water
- Carbs
- Fats
- Proteins (AAs and Non-protien N)
- Minerals
- Vitamins |
|
|
Term
| How many categories of feed are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Over 18% crude fiber (high)
Made of legume and grass blends
Utilises parts of the crop that can't be used by humans (stovers) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Earlier cuts have more grasses, later cuts are much easier to digest and have higher protein content |
|
|
Term
| Why are pasture and range grass systems so popular with livestock? |
|
Definition
Cheapest way to feed
Either let them graze or use a green feed system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Storage purposes (preservation) and improves digestibility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Less than 18% crude fibre (low), more than 70% total digestible nutrients, and less than 20% crude protein |
|
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Term
|
Definition
More than 20% crude protein
- Can use urea, biuret, and ammonia |
|
|
Term
| What are some feed additive examples? |
|
Definition
| Antibiotics, buffers, enzymes, colours and flavours, etc... |
|
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Term
|
Definition
- Improve digestibility
- Improve other nutrient contents
- Change the particle size
- Improves storage characteristics
- Destroys toxins and other bad stuff |
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|
Term
| Why shouldn't you feed raw soybean meal? |
|
Definition
| Tripsin inhibitor present in raw soybean meal causes intrupted absorption |
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|
Term
| What are some examples of feed processing? |
|
Definition
- Milling
- Mixing
- Pelleting
- Steam Flaked
- Extrusion |
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|
Term
| What does heat do to the chemical structure of feeds? |
|
Definition
| Alters the chemical structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increase digestibility and add costs |
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|
Term
| What kind is market is commodity beef traded on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the beef industry have lots of vertical integration? |
|
Definition
| No, there is little vertical integration and the industry is highly segmented |
|
|
Term
| What does a seedstock producer do? |
|
Definition
Provides genetics for the industry
- Replacement heifers and bulls |
|
|
Term
| How many purebred breeders are there in Canada? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many recognised cattle breeds are there in Canada? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are breed organisations? |
|
Definition
| Help market specific breeds, give producers more money for keeping pure genetic lines |
|
|
Term
| What are composite breeds? |
|
Definition
Crossbreeding used to produce higher value animals
Smaller populations |
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|
Term
| What is a stabiliser composite breed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the goal of cow-calf production? |
|
Definition
1 healthy calf from each cow per year
- ideally a heavy calf |
|
|
Term
| What sector of the beef industry has the most producers? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 500-600 lbs or about 6 months old |
|
|
Term
| What is the goal of backgrounding? |
|
Definition
| Bulk up light calves before going to the feedlot and to manage the supply of cattle into the feedlot |
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|
Term
| How long does backgrounding take? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of feeds do they use in backgrounding system? |
|
Definition
| Forage/pasture systems and low costs grain (minimal grain supplementation when needed) |
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|
Term
| What is the goal of a feedlot? |
|
Definition
To get a fast weight gain to get cattle to market weight (1,600 lbs)
- Lean weight then fat cover |
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Term
|
Definition
- Straight from cow-calf to feedlot
- Longest time spent in feedlot, about 200d |
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|
Term
|
Definition
- Medium frame, maybe backgrounded previously
- 3-5 months to finish |
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|
Term
|
Definition
- Medium frame, maybe backgrounded previously
- 3-5 months to finish |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Largest frame going into backgrounding
- Spend the shortest about of time in feedlot, less than 3 month |
|
|
Term
| How many federally inspected processing plants are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why would you want to send your cattle to a federally inspected plant? |
|
Definition
| So it can leave the province and/or country |
|
|
Term
| How many provincial plants are there in Ontario? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What proportion of cattle in Canada do the biggest 3 federal plants process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many cattle are there in Canada? |
|
Definition
12.6 million
3.78 beef cattle |
|
|
Term
| How many beef producers are there in Canada? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much does the Beef industry bring in terms of farm cash receipts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much does the Beef industry contribute in terms of Canadian GDP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are small farms predominant? |
|
Definition
| Yes, 61% of farms have less than 47 cows |
|
|
Term
| Who are the top 3 beef producers globally? |
|
Definition
United States, Brazil, and China
- Canada is #9 |
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|
Term
| Who are the top 3 exporters globally? |
|
Definition
Brazil, United States, and India
- Canada is #8 |
|
|
Term
| Where do we export our beef to? |
|
Definition
1. United States (69.9%)
2. Japan (11.5%)
3. Mexico (4.6%) |
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|
Term
| Who do we import our beef from? |
|
Definition
1. United States (60.7%)
2. New Zealand (8.3%)
3. Mexico (5.7%) |
|
|
Term
| What year did Canadian beef consumption peak? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the number 1 beef breed in Canada? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the number 1 beef breed globally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are British breeds known for? |
|
Definition
| Maternal traits, and early maturation |
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Term
| What are continental breeds known for? |
|
Definition
| Terminal traits (higher girth rate, bigger frame, double muscling traits) and for later maturing (leaner meat) |
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Term
|
Definition
Good carcass and maternal traits
Naturally polled with black or red coats
Most popular in North America
Has their own breed marketing (CAB -> Certified Angus Beef) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Naturally have no horns, if there are horns dehorning has to be done
80% of producers in North America use poled genetics |
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Term
|
Definition
Completely white face with a cherry red coat
British breed with good durability with a moderate size
Docile cattle with good mothering ability
Good outcross for range cattle
Horned or polled |
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Term
|
Definition
Dual purpose in Europe (milk and meat)
Continental breed and one of the oldest
Large frame with rapid growth, good milk production, and well muscled
Has the dark colour around the eyes
Horned or polled |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Continental -> Henri le Charolais
Large frame, heavy muscling, fast growth, and late maturing
Good terminal traits with lean meat
White or cream in colour
Usually horned |
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|
Term
| Bos Indicus main 2 breeds: |
|
Definition
Brahman -> tropical and loose skin
Nelore -> Brazilian, not great |
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Term
|
Definition
| Expected Progeny Differences |
|
|
Term
| Why use genomic evaluations? |
|
Definition
Monitor the progeny performance with EPDs
Harder in beef because of the huge breed variety |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Difficult birth, leading cause of cow death |
|
|
Term
| How many calves dies soon after brith? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is stage 1 of labour? |
|
Definition
| Relaxation/Preparatory stage |
|
|
Term
| What are some key signs of stage 1 of labour? |
|
Definition
Ligaments relaxing
Vuvla swelling
Cervix dialtaion
Contractions -> water breaking
Dishcarge |
|
|
Term
| What marks then end of stage 1 of labour? |
|
Definition
| Cervix dilation and fetus entering birth canal |
|
|
Term
| How long is stage 1 of labour? |
|
Definition
2-4 hours for cows
2-10 hours for heifers |
|
|
Term
| What is stage 2 of labour? |
|
Definition
| Active labour, or expulsion of the fetes |
|
|
Term
| How long does stage 2 of labour take? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2-3 minutes after brith mom licks baby -> bonding
10-15 minutes post-birth calf will be standing
30 minutes post birth calf should find udder and start taking in colostrum |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 normal calf presentations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What marks a mal-presentation? |
|
Definition
| 2 or less body parts in the birth canal |
|
|
Term
| What is used to help get calves out of the birth canal if there is trouble? |
|
Definition
| Calf chains or a mechanical calf puller |
|
|
Term
| What is ideal chain placement? |
|
Definition
2 wraps around the ankles
[image] |
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|
Term
| True or false, heifers have no more risk for dystocia than cows. |
|
Definition
| False, heifer's aren't done growing when they give brith the first time, making it harder for them generally |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 Qs of colostrum? |
|
Definition
Quality -> IgG antibodies >50g/L
Quantity -> 4-6L in 4 hours
Quickly -> make sure calf gets their immunity before gut starts to close (6-8hrs ideally, gut closed in 24 hrs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bovine Respiratory Disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dehydration leading to death because of diarrhoea (bacterial, viral, or protozoa) |
|
|
Term
| What are some things that need to be done at birth? |
|
Definition
- Colostrum
- Navel dipped in antiseptic
- ID |
|
|
Term
| What kind of ID to calves need |
|
Definition
Management Tag -> anything producer wants usually an alphanumeric code for year and what number the calf was born as that year
CCIA Tag -> National traceability, radio frequency ID, needed for cattle to leave a farm (links cattle to the farms they have been to |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Canadian Cattle Identification Agency |
|
|
Term
| When do purebred producers calve? |
|
Definition
| As close to Jan 1st as possible so their calves are older = bigger when getting sold |
|
|
Term
| When do commercial producers calve? |
|
Definition
| Calve in spring, on pasture so feed costs are lower |
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|
Term
| Why might a producer use a barn or drylot? |
|
Definition
Allows for earlier calving with environmental protection in the winter
Need bedding
Can isolate with maternity pens before introducing to the group
BUT has higher labour and feed costs |
|
|
Term
| How long should the PPI be? |
|
Definition
| About 40 days for physical recovery, longer with incidences of dystocia |
|
|
Term
| What is the Estrus Cycle? |
|
Definition
| The period leading to the animal being in heat, for cattle its 21 days, standing heat is 24-30 hrs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Body Condition Score, ideally a 2.5-2 for birthing |
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|
Term
| What does calving groups refer to? |
|
Definition
| What entrust cycle the calf was conceived in, want over 60% in the first group and less than 5% in the 3rd or later group |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Least labour intensive, used by majority of producers
Limits genetic pool |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Artificial Insemination
Less common -> 15% of producers, more labour intensive
Less disease transmission, more safety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
25 cows / mature bull
15-20 cows / yearling bull |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Number of animals on a given land area / amount of time (month or season) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| What kind of animals are being grazed |
|
|
Term
| What should be taken into consideration with calving on pasture systems? |
|
Definition
| Trying to align the pasture's growth with the animals nutritional needs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Animal Unit
- A cow and her calf |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Animal Unit Month
- How much forage is needed to sustain an animal unit for 1 month |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The number of animals land can support per season |
|
|
Term
| Stocking rate calculation |
|
Definition
| = (Forage yield * Utilisation rate)/Animal consumption |
|
|
Term
| Animal consumption for cattle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the aspects comprising a pasture system? |
|
Definition
- Animal
- Plant/Soil
- Environment |
|
|
Term
| What are some pasture systems in Ontario? (3) |
|
Definition
- Perennial (grasses and legumes)
- Annual (felid crops either planted for grazing, or failed crops)
- Mixing forages (different peak growing seasons) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
One big chunk
Less labour and inputs, lower carrying capacity, can see over or under grazing in parts of pasture |
|
|
Term
| Rotational Grazing methods |
|
Definition
Dependent on your water source location
Two Alleyways
One Alleyway
Pipeline Method
Watertruck
Portable Strip Grazing
Cell Center
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Give enough grass for 1/2 to 1 day and move the boundary one or twice a day -> Labour intensive
This is an Intensive grazing system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Good for large continuous portions of land
About 10% of cows don't "get it" |
|
|
Term
| Why are producers moving away from ponds and dugouts as a water source IN the pasture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Providing younger animals with supplementary grain while on pasture with their mothers BEFORE weaning |
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|
Term
| Why may producers be against creep feeding with their herd? |
|
Definition
- Higher costs
- Creates a less consistent calf crop
- Could get more "fleshy" calves = will be discounted at feedlots
- Masks the cow's mothering performance |
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|
Term
| Why may producers want to creep feed their herds? |
|
Definition
- Increase the weight at weaning
- Decrease the amount of pressure on the pasture (grazing pressure
- Increase the feed intake of calves at weaning
- Increases seen in cow weight, condition, and pregnancy rate |
|
|
Term
| How many North American producers use polled genetics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are methods of dehorning? |
|
Definition
- Caustic Paste
- Electric Dehorning
- Mechanical Dehorning |
|
|
Term
| When should dehorning be done? |
|
Definition
| With caustic paste, it should be done within less than 10 days after birth. According to the code of practice there are regulations about when pain medications are needed (local anaesthetics and NSAIDs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-Steriodal Anti-Inflamatory Drug |
|
|
Term
| What method of dehorning would a producer use on an older calf? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does castration occur? |
|
Definition
| 2-3 days up to 2 years old |
|
|
Term
| What are some methods of castration? |
|
Definition
- Surgical
- Elastor Rings (most common)
- Burdizzo |
|
|
Term
| When should pain control be used for bulls? |
|
Definition
| Older than 6 months -> may be updated for 3 months |
|
|
Term
| What are some methods of weaning? |
|
Definition
- Abrupt / Traditional
- Fence Line
- Quiet Wean |
|
|
Term
| Why might a producer shift away from traditional weaning methods? |
|
Definition
| To decrease stress levels, lower stress during weaning leads to better immune systems |
|
|
Term
| Why does a cows milk production drop? |
|
Definition
| Decline in natural resources in the fall -> grass going dormant |
|
|
Term
| What proportion of producers vaccinate their calves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 core vaccines for cattle? |
|
Definition
- Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV type 1 and 2)
- Bovine Herpes Virus Type 1 (BHV1)
- Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV)
- Clostridial Bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Should you vaccinate your herd during breeding? |
|
Definition
| No, the one part of the cow-calf cycle that does not have any recommended vaccines |
|
|
Term
| Where should you vaccinate your cattle? |
|
Definition
| In the subcutaneous site -> triangle on the neck |
|
|
Term
| What is a key way to improve your net calf crop? |
|
Definition
| Nutrition in all aspects and many others |
|
|
Term
| What is something a buyer will look for at an auction? |
|
Definition
Uniformity in the calf group
- Usually will be uniform in breed too |
|
|
Term
| What is preconditioning and why should it be done before auction? |
|
Definition
| Preconditioning is when you wean your calves at least 45 days before the sale to ensure cattle can cope with the stress of auction |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean when calves are sold "on contract"? |
|
Definition
Sold straight from producers, means no risk associated with auction, or commission!
More common with larger farms than with small operations |
|
|
Term
| What is retained ownership? |
|
Definition
| Refers to when the producers market their own calves from brith to slaughter, renting out space in backgrounding and feedlot systems |
|
|
Term
| What are special preconditioned sales? |
|
Definition
| Have higher average prices, there are specific conditions put on the calves going into the sales to make them "better", eg vaccination statuses |
|
|
Term
| What is 55% of the cost in a cow-calf operation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the conventional winter feeding system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why might a producer use alternative feeding systems? |
|
Definition
| To extend the number of days on pasture, and to decrease labour and feed costs |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 biggest costs in the cow-calf industry? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the goal of a backgrounding operation? |
|
Definition
To add weight to light calves before entering the feedlot and to manage the supply of calves entering the feedlot
3-6+ months |
|
|
Term
| What is a grasser operation? |
|
Definition
| A backgrounding operation based on a pasture feeding system |
|
|
Term
| What kind of feeds are to be used in feedlots? |
|
Definition
| Mainly forage based with supplemental protein and grain (grain is dependent on price) still want to do this as cheap as possible so you should use pasture as often as possible |
|
|
Term
| What proportion of greenhouse gases are produced by agriculture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some ways to decrease enteric CH4? |
|
Definition
- Decreasing number of animals
- Improving production efficiency
- Selective breeding
- Manipulating the diet |
|
|
Term
| What can be given to cattle to manipulate the rumen and decrease CH4? |
|
Definition
- Ionophores
- 3-NOP
- Seaweed
- Essential Oils
- Saponins & Tannins
- Microbials
- Vaccinations |
|
|
Term
| Cattle are a _________ species, meaning they have a ripple effect on all the species in the area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cattle are reffered to as _________, meaning they are able to utilise feeds unable to be consumed directly by humans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false, cattle have only a negative effect on the environment |
|
Definition
| False they have positives and negatives |
|
|
Term
Which kind of feed to cattle produce less methane on?
- Grain fed
- Forage fed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The space animals need to feel comfortable, when a producer is within the flight zone the animal will move |
|
|
Term
| Where is the point of balance on a cow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is component feeding? |
|
Definition
| Feeding each part separately, more common for small producers |
|
|
Term
| What happens to cattle if they get on high energy diets too fast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many feedlot deaths are from BRD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some key symptoms of BRD? |
|
Definition
- Anorexia
- Hunched posture
- Laboured Breathing
- Nasal Discharge
- HUGE drop in performance |
|
|
Term
| Rumen Acidosis can lead to damage to the _____________, allowing bacteria to enter the blood stream causing secondary disorders |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sub-Acute Ruminal Acidosis |
|
|
Term
| What are liver abscesses a secondary disorder from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does an A grade on the Elanco Liver Access Scoring System mean? |
|
Definition
| Some small accesses -> Minor event |
|
|
Term
| What does an O grade on the Elanco Liver Access Scoring System mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does an A+ grade on the Elanco Liver Access Scoring System mean? |
|
Definition
| Multiple large abcesses and some small ones -> Severe incidence |
|
|
Term
| What are implants, and why are they used? |
|
Definition
| Put inbetween the skin and cartilage, they replace hormones after castration and slowly releases them into the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| Why would a producer decide to use implants? |
|
Definition
To increase the efficiency and ADG of your cattle
see a 20-75$ USD increase compared to cost of implant |
|
|
Term
| When will producers put implants in? |
|
Definition
- When calves are suckling (<45 days old) -> Least strength
- During Stocker/grower phase
- During feedlot -> Most strength |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of implants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ___________ implant refers to an implant that utilises testosterone and TBA, encouraging lean growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ___________ implant refers to an implant that utilises oestrogen to increase growth and fat gain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false implants have to be Androgenic or Estrogenic |
|
Definition
| False, they can be a combination of the 2 |
|
|
Term
| What is an issue with using implants ehe cattle get sent to the feedlot and are backgrounded? |
|
Definition
| They look older so will be disounted |
|
|
Term
| Do implants greatly increase the amount of oestrogen in beef? |
|
Definition
| No, an increase of 3ng/500g, and a HUGELY smaller amount than soybean oil with 1,000,000ng/500g |
|
|
Term
| What are the big 4 grades of beef? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do we use AI and technology when grading? |
|
Definition
| No, all grading is done by a licensed grader, but it is an emerging sector of the industry |
|
|
Term
| What is the Quantity grading scale? |
|
Definition
1-5
1 being lean carcass
5 being lots of excess fat
ideal carcass for an AAA carcass is a 1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When are carcasses inspected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Quality grades are _____1_____ while yield grades are _____2_____ |
|
Definition
1. Increasing
2. Decreasing |
|
|
Term
| What are the main cuts of the carcass referred to as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - Brisket - Chuck - Hip - Rib - Flank - Sirloin - Loin - Plate [image] |
|
|
Term
| Organs and tissues that are not commonly consumed here are referred to as __________ |
|
Definition
Offal
- Tounge, liver, kidneys, etc... |
|
|
Term
| ________ beef comes with a price premium because of the additional efforts producers make for their products |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the current finish weight? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Retail Beef
- Variatey/offal meats
- Edible By-products
- In-edible By-products
- Pharmaceuticals |
|
|
Term
| Beef that isn't used for human consumption is sent for _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why should you never feed an animal back to the same animal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A ___1___ is a female sheep
A ___2___ is a male sheep
A ___3___ is a castrated male
A ___4___ is a sheep less than 1 year old
A ___5___ is a group of sheep |
|
Definition
1. Ewe
2. Ram
3. Wether
4. Lamb
5. Flock |
|
|
Term
| There are _________ sheep producers in Canada |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many sheep are there in Canada? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much does the sheep industry generate in farm cash receipts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1/3 of sheep are in ___1___, the number 2 spot is tied between ___2___ and ___3___ |
|
Definition
1. Ontario
2. Quebec
3. Alberta |
|
|
Term
| What are the trends for sheep farms between 2016 and 2021 |
|
Definition
| Less farms and same number of total sheep |
|
|
Term
| Which country is number 1 in the total number of sheep? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| We are seeing a _________ in number of sheep global |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As countries ____1____ betters, animal consumption shifts towards ____2____ |
|
Definition
1. Socioeconomic Status
2. Small ruminants |
|
|
Term
| How many times a year are sheep shorn? |
|
Definition
| Once a year, usually in the spring |
|
|
Term
| Meat breeds of sheep produce __1__ lbs/yr, where as long wool breeds make __2__ lbs/yr |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wool is baled and _____ before being sold |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the commercial price of wool? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much wool does Canada market every year? |
|
Definition
| 2.5-3 million pounds9 (lbs) |
|
|
Term
| What is Canadian wool marketed through? |
|
Definition
| Canadian Co-operative Wool Growers |
|
|
Term
| Lanolin is a natural wax on wool, which makes up ______ of raw wool weight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sheeps milk is ______ in fat and protein compared to goat and cow's milk |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much milk do sheep produce per day? per lactation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sheep are marketed in 3 different categories, what are they? |
|
Definition
- 70-120 lbs, the ADG is about 0.7lbs/day, and it takes from 110-140 days to reach market
- Light Lambs, 50-60 lbs, also called milk lambs because they are marketed right after weaning
- Mutton, older cull sheep, not very popular |
|
|
Term
| There is a wide variety of sheep breeds in Canada and globally with ___1___ recognised in Canada, and ___2___ in the world |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| British breeds focus on ___1___ traits while exotic/continental breeds focus on ___2___ traits |
|
Definition
1. Maternal (wool)
2. Terminal (meat) |
|
|
Term
| Dorsets are known for what? |
|
Definition
- Great reproductive capacity
- Being most common in Canada
- All white
- One of the oldest breeds |
|
|
Term
| Suffolk breeds are known for what? |
|
Definition
- 2nd most common in Canada
- Clean and black face
- Good rack |
|
|
Term
| The North Country Cheviot breed is known for what? |
|
Definition
- Hearty
- Good range sheep, best with little producer intervention
- Medium-small breed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Long wool breed
- Niche market sheep
- Not common |
|
|
Term
| Texel sheep are continental, what are they known for? |
|
Definition
- From around the Netherlands
- Chunky med-small sheep
- Dark points |
|
|
Term
| Dorper are continental sheep, known for what? |
|
Definition
- From South Africa
- Dorset X Persian Blackface
- Good growth and carcass
- Mostly shed their coat out |
|
|
Term
| Canadian (Arcott) were developed in Ottawa, what are they known for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rideau (Arcot) were developed in Ottawa, what are they known for? |
|
Definition
Amazing mothering abilities
3rd most common in Canada
5-6 lambs/birth |
|
|
Term
| East Friesian Dairy beed is known for what? |
|
Definition
- From the Netherlands
- All white or all black
- No wool on tails -> Rat tail
- Above avg lactation |
|
|
Term
| Housing for sheep is typically a _______ system, sheep need a well ventilated area so its a good option |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does an informal yard system refer to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a major consideration when it comes to designing your barn for sheep production? |
|
Definition
| Sheep like it dry, so you need cover and good drainage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small pens for mom and lamb to bond after brith |
|
|
Term
| Hyperthermia can be a big issue for lambs, why is it so important to keep lambs warm? |
|
Definition
| Means they won't eat (no swallow reflex), hear rate slows down to a halt - use a rectal thermometer to check and a warming box |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Yes, typically producers use the RFID tag for management too |
|
|
Term
| What is something done to sheep post brith that differs from cattle? |
|
Definition
| Tail docking (typically elastic ring placed below the webbing) sometimes done with a hot knife |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It occurs under the tail from wet wool and warm weather, causes a huge drop in productivity |
|
|
Term
| What kind of sheep may have less issues with flystrike? |
|
Definition
| - East Friesian Dairy sheep because they have no wool on their tails |
|
|
Term
| Why should sheep not be thought of as small cows? |
|
Definition
| They are more selective with their feed (more feed waster after they pick through all the stuff they want) can actually eat whole grains (need less processing) and are sensitive to some minerals (copper) |
|
|
Term
| Why may nutritional flushing be done? |
|
Definition
| Increases lamb crop by 10-20% and ovulation by 25-30% - increase energy component of the diet for 2 weeks before and 2-4 weeks after breeding |
|
|
Term
| To better the growth performance of your ewes, you may want to _________ your sheep, it decreases your days to market and adds to your carcass value |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why may a producer choose to use a free choice feed, why not? |
|
Definition
| - Decreases labour and some feed costs, BUT it can increase your risk of acidosis and overeating, if left empty it will lead to binge eating |
|
|
Term
| What does Hand-feeding mean in terms of sheep? |
|
Definition
| Like a component feed in beef |
|
|
Term
| Sheep go intro puberty at around __1__ months, have a __2__ month gestation, a __3__ day estrus cycle, and are in "standing heat" for __4__ hours |
|
Definition
1. 6-9
2. 5
3. 14-19
4. 24-36 |
|
|
Term
| Sheep are _____-day breeders, meaning it is easier for most breeds to be bred in the fall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is it unusual to see brith rates of over 100%? |
|
Definition
| No, this will be seen because of the high prevalence of multiple births |
|
|
Term
| Why is AI not common in sheep? |
|
Definition
| It has to be done surgically, and you need to sync up the estrus cycles of your herd |
|
|
Term
| What is the ideal Ewe BCS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 methods of accelerated lambing? |
|
Definition
| - 3 lambings in 2 years -> the traditional method - 5 lamdings in 3 years -> The cornel star system |
|
|
Term
| Lambs are weaned at about _____ days old |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A __1__ keep lamb refers to one that takes over 12 weeks to be finished
A __2__ keep lamb refers to one that takes 6-12 weeks to be finished
A __3__ keep lamb refers to one that takes less than 6 weeks to be finished |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When are lamb sales most popular? |
|
Definition
| Around easter mainly, but there are increases around any major holiday (ethnic) |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean for domestic producers that we are net importers? |
|
Definition
| Room to grow and increase production |
|
|
Term
| Scrapie is a prion disease, what does this mean? |
|
Definition
| It is a disease that affects the brain, hard to diagnose, and incurable |
|
|
Term
| What SNPs are linked to scrapie resistance? |
|
Definition
136, 154, 171
- 136 and 171 are most common in North America |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ovine Progressive Pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 aspects of Maefi-Visna |
|
Definition
- Respiratory
- Chronic Wasting
- Persistent mastitis |
|
|
Term
| Paracites have a ______ prevalence in sheep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms to look for that can indicate your sheep has parasites? (5) |
|
Definition
| - Fecal Score - BCS - Bottle Jaw - Bots / Bot Flies - FAMACHA score / Anemia |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat parasites? |
|
Definition
- Anthelmintic -> De-Wormer
- Genetic resistances
- Pasture management (laying fallow to kill parasites) |
|
|
Term
| What is a big risk to your sheep flock? causing about 28% of losses |
|
Definition
| - Predators (coyotes here) |
|
|
Term
Carpine refers to __1__
__2__ is a mature male goat (billy)
__3__ is a mature female goat (nanny)
__4__ is a goat less than a year old
__5__ is goat meat |
|
Definition
1. Goat
2. Buck
3. Doe
4. Kid
5. Chevon |
|
|
Term
| _______ is the province with the most goats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many goats are there in Canada |
|
Definition
| 250,000 (including milk and meat) |
|
|
Term
| How many goats are bred for meat specifically? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main Meat goat breed? |
|
Definition
| Boer -> South Africa, means disease resistant and hardy |
|
|
Term
Gestation for goats is __1__ months
Goats are in estrus for __2__ days
Doelings will be bred at __3__ months
Goats are bred back at about __4__ after kidding |
|
Definition
1. 5
2. 18-21
3. 6-8
4. 7 months |
|
|
Term
| What is the biggest challenge with colostrum for goats? |
|
Definition
| There is no goat specific colostrum replacer, means nutrients and antibodies don't line up perfectly (use cow or sheep colostrum) |
|
|
Term
| What is a similar affliction to Ketosis that occurs in goats? |
|
Definition
| Pregnancy toxemia, but it occurs during pregnancy in goats vs after birth in cows |
|
|
Term
| Goats are referred to as ____1____ meaning they are quite selective and will pick through feed very thoroughly and have a ____2____ upper lip. |
|
Definition
1. Browsers
2. Very mobile |
|
|
