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Aging
fundamentals of Nursing
78
Nursing
Undergraduate 1
02/16/2010

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Cards

Term
What is gerontology?
Definition
scientific study of aging process.
Term
What is geriatrics?
Definition
Medical specialty dealing with diagnosis and treatment of diseases affecting the elderly.
Term
What are the stereotypes of the elderly that may result in a care provider being ageist?
Definition
elderly are frail, powerless, burdensome, senile, older workers are more productive than younger workers.
Term
What are the four ANA standards of Gerontological Nursing practices?
Definition
The scope of gerontological practice, standards of care and professional performance, specific criteria for defining expectations and competent care, guide to current practice across all settings.
Term
An elderly person adjusting to decreased health and stress would be coping with what life factor?
Definition
biological factors
Term
The elderly aging process is stochastic.. this means?
Definition
Process is random and varies to every elderly individual.
Term
What are the three theories in elderly sociological changes?
Definition
disengagement theory, activity theory, and continuity theory.
Term
Joe Shmoe, a 75 year old male, lost his job and is no living at home on his own. He has his daughter buy all his necessities to live. What sociological theory might this person be experiencing?
Definition
Disengagement theory
Term
Sussie que, a 75 year old female, goes out on hot dates and visits her family every once and awhile. What kind of sociological theory might this person be fulfilling?
Definition
Activity theory
Term
Franny, an 80 year old female, lives her life the same as she did when she was younger. She attends social activities, visits all of her family, and maintains previous habits on a daily basis. What sociological theory is this person demonstrating?
Definition
Continuity theory.
Term
Franny, an 80 year old female, lives her life the same as she did when she was younger. She attends social activities, visits all of her family, and maintains previous habits on a daily basis. What sociological theory is this person demonstrating?
Definition
Continuity theory.
Term
What are the perfusion aspects of aging?
Definition
Cardiac Output Decreased by 40%

Decreased vessel elasticity

Increased Peripheral Vascular Resistance

Decreased Stroke Volume

Increased Blood Pressure,

Reduced sensitivity to baroreceptors (risk for orthostatic changes)
Term
What are the oxygenation aspects of aging?
Definition
Lungs larger, more rigid

decrease in alveoli

decreased gas exchange

decreased cough response
Term
What are the nutrition aspects of aging?
Definition
decreased peristalsis, absorption

decreased taste and smell

gum atrophy

decreased stomach motility, digestive enzymes

smaller liver
Term
What are the elimination aspects of aging?
Definition
urinary- neprons lost, decreased reanl blood flow

decreased GFR

decreased bladder tone, capacity

decreased urge

incontinence is not normal
Term
What are the childbearing aspects of aging?
Definition
females- thinner pubic hair, menopause

vagina become smooth and dry, tissue thins, uterus and fallopian tubes atrophy

males- smaller testes

decreased sperm and testosterone production

prostate enlargement

decreased ability to initate maintain erection, weaker ejaculation
Term
what are the mobility aspects of aging?
Definition
loss of height

bones more porous and brittle

joint changes- decresed flexibility

kyphosis

degeneration of cartilage

loss of muscle mass
Term
What are the neural regulation aspects of aging?
Definition
Slowed reaction time, reflexes

decreased sensation

slowing of thinking and reacting

decreased cerbral blood flow

slow response to heat and cold

sleep changes
Term
What are the sensory perception aspects of aging?
Definition
sight- presbyopia, decreased tear production, decreased lens clarity, color discrimination, decreased accomodation

hearing-prebycussis, high frequency loss, eardrum thickens, excessive cerumen

touch- decreased receptors

taste- decreased taste buds, ability to distinguish between bittter, sour, salty
Term
What affect does aging have on skin?
Definition
Moisture loss, wrinkles

thinning of epthelial and subcutaneous fat layers

decreased peripheral circulation

hair loss
Term
What is the difference between delirium and dementia?
Definition
Delirium is an acute confusion state, maybe caused by medications, infection, hypoglycemia. Dementia is an irreversible cerebral dysfunction that declines the ability to perform ADLs
Term
What are some factors that influence aging?
Definition
heredity, geographical location, socioeconomic level, occupation, state of health, gender, state of mind
Term
When does the aging process beginWha
Definition
birth
Term
What does cardiac output equal?
Definition
Stroke volume x Heart rate
Term
What can decreased vessel elasticity result in?
Definition
decreased vessel compliance.
Term
What is kyphosis?
Definition
Curvature in the thoracic portion of the spine. Looks like person is hunched over.
Term
What is presbyopia?
Definition
far sighted ( you can see far well, but up close bad)
Term
What are cognitive changes of aging?
Definition
memory slowing, reduced attention span.
Term
What are some health enhancing activities of the elderly?
Definition
low fat, well balanced diet, weight reduction, regular exercise, stress management, remain in contact with people
Term
What is a crisis role change vs. gradual change?
Definition
Crisis involves a sudden incident (death of family member) gradual is a slower adjustment to a change (less strength)
Term
What are gains in the elderly role change?
Definition
grandchildren, family support, community activities, recreational activities, advisory roles, and volunteerism.
Term
What are some health protecting activities for the elderly?
Definition
Vaccines, screenings (BP, cholesterol mammogram, pap smear, prostate, colonoscopy, vision, hearing. depression) reduce smoking and alcohol use.
Term
What does a comprehensive assessment of the older adult consist of?
Definition
Physical, mental/emotional, functional
Term
Presentation of illness in the older adult is often ___________ and __________
Definition
vague/ atypical
Term
What does a mental/cognitive assessment for the elderly consist of?
Definition
LOC, cognitive function (mini-mental exam), psychosocial and family history
Term
What does the functional assessment consist of?
Definition
ADLS, IADLS (what the client can do independently like ability to use telephone),
Term
When should a functional assessment be performed?
Definition
whenever an older client's health status changes
Term
What are common health problems related to perfusion?
Definition
hypertension, heart disease.
Term
What are common health problems within the elderly related to oxygenation?
Definition
Chronic lung disease
Term
What are common health problems within the elderly related to nutrition?
Definition
weight loss/gain and adverse drug effects
Term
What are common health problems within the elderly related to elimination?
Definition
incontinence/infection, constipation, adverse drug effects.
Term
What are nursing interventions for elimination health problems?
Definition
increase fluid intake, monitor I&O, encourage regular toileting, laxatives with caution
Term
What are common health problems within the elderly related to mobility?
Definition
Osteoporosis, fractures, arthritis
Term
what are some nurse interventions for an elderly patient with mobility health problems?
Definition
encourage activity, promote safety, weightloss
Term
What are common health problems within the elderly related to neural regulation?
Definition
CVA (stroke), sleep disturbances.
Term
What are common health problems within the elderly related to sensory perception?
Definition
hearing loss, cataracts/glaucoma, senile macular degeneration
Term
What are common health problems within the elderly related to cognition?
Definition
delirium, dementia, depression
Term
what are some nurse interventions for an elderly patient with cognitive health problems?
Definition
adapt communication, facilitate independence, ensure safety
Term
What is the meaning of pharmacokinetics?
Definition
how a medication processes in the body (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion)
Term
What is the danger of polypharmacy in the elderly?
Definition
drug-drug reactions, elderly have fewer proteins, smaller kidneys, less cardiac output, recommended doses are for middle aged not for the elderly.
Term
What is the meaning of pharmacokinetics?
Definition
how a medication processes in the body (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion)
Term
what are some nurse interventions for an elderly patient with cognitive health problems?
Definition
adapt communication, facilitate independence, ensure safety
Term
What is the danger of taking multiple drugs?
Definition
drug-drug reactions, elderly have fewer proteins, smaller kidneys, less cardiac output, recommended doses are for middle aged not for the elderly, too much of a drug can be toxic
Term
What is the meaning of idiosyncrasy in its relation to medications?
Definition
Unknown reactions to a specific drug.
Term
What is polypharmacy and how does it affect the elderly?
Definition
Person will shop around to get different medications from multiple drug stores. this could increase dangers of drug-drug interactions
Term
What are the steps to improve medication safety in older adults?
Definition
Assess (what drugs how many), plan (identify problems, make solution) Implement (strategies for safe drug use) Evaluate (results of teaching, revise as needed)
Term
What are the different types of elder abuse?
Definition
verbal, physical, psychological, violation of rights, material or financial, neglect
Term
What is the role of the nurse in elder abuse?
Definition
ANY suspicion must be reported. this not only helps the patient but helps the abuser as well.
Term
What are long term care options for the elderly?
Definition
Home and community care
Subsidized senior housing
Assisted living
Board and care homes
Continuing Care Retirement
Communities
Nursing Home
Term
What are governmental regulations for long-term care?
Definition
1991 nursing home reform, minimum data set, resident assessment protocols, maryland minimum data set.
Term
What are the three exemplars of aging?
Definition
Osteoporosis, urinary incontinence, dysphagia
Term
What is osteoporosis?
Definition
bone disease causing porous bone, low bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, fragile , fractures
Term
What are signs and symptoms of osteoporosis?
Definition
back pain, unknown/sudden fracture
Term
What is the role of hormones in bone?
Definition
regulate osteoclasts and osteoblasts.
Term
Why does osteoporosis affect woman more then men?
Definition
Due to the presence of estrogen and its affect on osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
Term
What are unchangeable risk factors of osteoporosis?
Definition
Gender,age,body size,ethnicity,family history.
Term
What are some osteoporosis risk factors that are changeable?
Definition
Anorexia, calcium and vitamin d intake, medications, lifestyle, smoking, alcohol
Term
What tools do you use to diagnose osteoporosis?
Definition
bone mineral density (BMD), x-ray (for fractures)
Term
What are nursing interventions for osteoporosis?
Definition
weight bearing exercise, medication, and nutrition
Term
what are some nursing diagnoses for a patient diagnosed with osteoporosis?
Definition
risk for injury, risk for constipation, deficient knowledge
Term
What is the leading cause of patient admission to a nursing home?
Definition
Family's inability to take care of patient's incontinence
Term
What are the six types of urinary incontinence?
Definition
functional (mental/physical impairment), stress (some increase of abdominal pressure) , urge (most common, involuntary loss, strong urge to go but can't control it) , mixed(combination of stress and urge), reflex (impairment to nervous system in which patient can't sense need to go), overflow (bladder does not completely empty and bladder overflows)
Term
What are treatment options for urinary incontinence?
Definition
behavioral techniques, medications, devices, surgeries, briefs
Term
What are nursing risk diagnosis for urinary incontinence?
Definition
risk for falls, deficient knowledge.
Term
What is dysphagia and what can it lead to?
Definition
difficulty swallowing. may lead to aspiration, pneumonia
Term
What are signs and symptoms of dysphagia?
Definition
coughing during meals, hoarse voice following meals, gurgling sounds, drooling, Upper respiratory infection, pneumonia
Term
What are nursing diagnoses for patients with dysphagia?
Definition
Risk for aspirations, imbalanced nutrition:less than body requirements
Term
What are interventions for patients for dysphagia?
Definition
Feed slowly, elevate HOB, oral hygiene, dietary modifications (thickened liquids)
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