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| process for describing the material universe through repeatable observations and falsifiable hypotheses; differs from other endeavors because of predictability, inevitability of ideas, no deference to authority, and value neutral |
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1)observation
2)hypothesis
3)theory |
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| A24: Observations in Scientific Method |
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| collect data/facts; REPEATABLE- not the process of the scientific method, only the observations |
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| proposition whose truth/falsehood is initially unknown; see a pattern in something; FALSIFIABLE- can't be proven |
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| "creator" of falsification int the scientific method; opposed inductivism and said that you can never prove something true because you would need an infinite number of observations, but it only takes one thing (the opposite) to prove it all wrong |
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| explanatory statements to express processes underlying/driving a hypothesis; CANNOT BE PROVEN; confidence in the theory's truth increases with corroboration and consilience (# observations and # sources of observations, respectively) |
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| A24: Principle of Parsimony |
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| simpler theory; when given many explanations for something, the simplest one is preferred |
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| A26: Two Pillars of Science |
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1)Sciencetific Method, which is made up of: observations= REPEATABLE; hypotheses= FALSIFIABLE
2)Peer Review: come up with scientific discoveries, write them in a journal, have others read, review, and critique it, then publish |
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| tries to be science (but fails); is not able to use repeatable observations or work with a falsifiable hypothesis; cannot be peer-reviewed because it's false; it's scienctific vs. media parsimony |
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| any trace of past life in the geological record- skeletons, footprints, roadkill, etc. |
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-sometimes it varies on your own definition of "geological record"
-most fossils were formed in sedimentary, sometimes in volcanic ash or amber
-99% of animals are never put into the fossil record
-to increase the chance of being found and put into the fossil record: RAPID BURIAL and EXPOSURE TO SURFACE |
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| common mode for vertebrate bone to fossilize: since the bone is porous, the protein decays, the mineral (calcium phosphate) remains, and the pore spaces fill with sediment/mineral deposits; this makes the fossil discolored and heavier than the original bone |
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| molecular level exchange where the original substance is completely replaced: EX. petrified wood |
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| promoted by burial in anoxic (little to no oxygen present) settings; preserves soft materials/tissues as a carbon film; EX. coal |
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promoted by drying out:
1) original object is buried
2) sediment hardens around it
3) the orignial tissues dissolve, leaving an impression or MOLD (EX. footprints)
4) mold is filled with minerals, making a CAST |
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| sediment filling the brain cavity and making a mold and cast for the brain |
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| S2: Biases in the Fossil Record |
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| hard parts; bigger bones; larger organisms; abundance of the organism; environment it was buried in; areas of deposition; exposure to surface (erosion); calm settings; sediment around it; rapid burial; minimal transport |
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| descent with modification |
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| evolutionary history of a group of organisms |
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| lineage of ancestor-descendant populations |
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| division of one evolving lineage into two or more new lineages; EX. geographical barriers that arise and split a population |
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| non-random change in frequency of heritable traits between generations; when one organism of a species is born with a trait that is the most desireable, he/she is going to be the one to pass on their genes |
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| heritable feature that enhances survival or ability to breed; if an organism is better able to adapt to certain situations, obviously they are going to be able to pass on their genes because they are alive |
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| S7: Evidence of Evolution |
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-comparative anatomy: flight, weight support, paddling/swimming, grabbing, climbing
-hierarchical distribution of living things
-development
-fossil record
-biogeography |
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| father of evolutionary biology; Origin of Species; took a trip to Galapagos; noticed differences between animals depending on which island they lived on |
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| written by Darwin; demonstrates the reality of evolution and its undeniability |
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mechanism to drive evolution:
-organisms vary
-more are born in every generation than can survive
-some aspects of variation confer advantages: there are preferences represented in the next generation
-those with advantageous traits will be the ones passing on thei genes |
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-an explanation for the origin of life
-a drive for perfection
-something that happens to only an individual (it's societal)
-prescription for society (ie killing people who don't have the best genes) |
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| S9: Taxon or Taxa (plural) |
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| unit of biodiversity (species or group of species) |
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| the study of biological diversity and its origins |
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| botanist of 1748; founder of modern systematics; published Systema Naturae |
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a classification of biodiversity:
-set up a hierarchical arrangement
-came up with fixed ranks (class, order, family, etc.)
-the hierarchical arrangement is still used today
-did it all for GOD, not for EVOLUTION |
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| S9: Willi Hennig and Phylogenetic Systematices |
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-one criterion for biodiversity: phylogeny (cladistics)
-phylogeny is objective and non-arbitrary |
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| a method of classifying species of organisms into groups called clades, which consist of an ancestor organism and all its descendants |
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| diagrams that represent the cladistics of one species and all its descendants |
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| two closest relatives on a cladogram; share the most recent common ancestor |
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| the place on the main line where a species diverts to a new branch of sister taxa |
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| AN ANCESTOR AND ALL OF ITS DESCENDENTS |
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| common ancestor and some (but not all) of its descendants- subjective |
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| excludes last common ancestor; what was thought to be related but is really not |
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| S12: Hierarchy of Certainty |
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1)direct/indirect preservation
2)phylogenetic bracketing
3)modern analogy
4)speculation (i.e. making shit up) |
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| shared derived character; always happens right before a new node is made |
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| character state ancestrally present in a set of termial taxa; not as specific to one group/species but is present in many; EX. vertebrae in many different species, so it cannot be classified easily |
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| derived character fround in only one terminal taxa |
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| humans: infratemporal fenestra |
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| post-temporal fenestrae, supratemoral fenestra, and infratemportal fenestra |
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