Term
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Definition
1. Birth
2. Puberty
3. Marriage
4. Death |
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Term
| Central characters and what changes do they deal with of myths, tales, epics |
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Definition
Myths: gods; changes on cosmological, universal scale
Tales: Everyman/Everywoman; change on individual level
Epics: Heroes as central characters, change on nation/cultural level |
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Term
| Oral Tradition (definition) |
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Definition
| The handing down of information, beliefs, and customs by word of mouth or by example from one generation to another w/o written instruction |
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Term
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Definition
| fantasy images become metaphorical replications of something happening in the real world: fantasy comments on reality |
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Term
| Significant examples of mirroring |
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Definition
- "Salamone": between the ogre and the chief
- "Salamone": between Salamone and the ogre
- "Sikholuma": between Sikholuma and Sitshalotshalwana
- "Sikholuma": Mangangedolo and his daughter
- "Mohammed.. .": between Mohammed and his uncle
- In "The Unborn Child": between the unborn child and its father
- In "Chakijana"· betweel Chaki·ana and the cannibals
- In "Chakjiana": between Chakjiana and the mother |
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Term
| 3 Ages of the Universe and what happens in each age |
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Definition
| 1. Golden Age: a perfect time when god, human, and nature existed in harmony 2. Creation: period of differentiation, death came into the world, dualism, god moved further away from the earth 3. Contemporary Age: the world of today, the gods and humans are distant from one another, humans use rituals to seek to regain the long lost perfect age; free-will |
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Term
| Which of the gods in the myths we read are dualistic gods? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the significance of the dualism of the gods? |
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Definition
| the dualistic mixture exists in humans, we have both capacity for life and death inside of us, rite of passage of a cosmological level |
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Term
| What is the role of the divine trickster? |
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Definition
| a symbol of the betwixt and between period of transformation that characterizes the age of creation; embodies the change from golden age to contemporary age; prototypes of our own movement to maturity and adulthood |
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Term
| What are the two patterns in "The Creation"? Motifs at the center? |
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Definition
1. Tasks set by Mugulu (motifs: bride quest, impossible tasks, reluctant father-in-law)
2. ? (motifs: ?) |
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Term
| Why are there 2 creations in the "Mantis and the All-Devourer"? |
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Definition
| the second creation demonstrates that humans have learned to deal with God's creations |
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Term
| Analyze the relationship between Iris and Osiris. |
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Definition
| Isis represents Osiris' life-giving side, Osiris is nourished |
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Term
| What are the patterns involved in the myths having to do with primal choices |
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Definition
- women held responsible
- stories of choice
- death came into the world because of vanity |
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Term
| Similarities and Differences between divine and profane tricksters? |
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Definition
- Similar: represent chaos and order
- Different: profane trickster lacks the sublime connection with the gods |
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Term
| Show how Sikuluma, Sudika-mbambi, and Ibonia are heroic. |
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Definition
| They are stories of transformation, from childhood to adulthood, wresting life from death. |
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Term
| Show how the puberty rite of passage is dramatized in "Sikhuluma" and "Sudika-mbambi." |
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Definition
| Separation, Ordeal, and Reincorporation; impossible tasks, preparation stages, wresting life from death, |
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Term
| In "Sudika-mbambi," why is it significant that a god is going through the puberty ritual? |
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Definition
| establishing a model for mankind; we echo the experience of the divine character |
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Term
| What is the role played by Sudika-mbambi's brother? |
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Definition
| He represents humanity; he goes through the same experiences as the god-figure. Humanity continues to echo the experience of the ideal character, if we're to go through the right of passage properly, we must follow in god's footprints; struggles with his brother: we have to come to terms with our relationship with the gods |
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Term
| How do Sudika-mbambi's various ordeals contribute to the rite of passage theme? |
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Definition
| Ordeal stage of puberty rite of passage |
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Term
| What is the significance of Part two, the water monster part, of"Sikhuluma"? |
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Definition
- women have imp roles to play in the right of passage: his sister
- cape represents special abilities
- represents Sikhuluma is on the cusps of manhood
- connects part 1 to part 3 |
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Term
| What is the significance of the struggle between Sikhuluma and Sitshalotshalwana? |
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Definition
| mirrors the struggle going on inside Sikuluma; also mirrored in the struggle between Mangangedolo and his daughter |
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Term
| Analyze "Ibonia" as a rite of passage story. |
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Definition
| transformation: childhood to manhood |
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Term
| Show how Ibonia's rite of passage becomes a rite of passage for his Malagasy community. |
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Definition
- etiological element: origin of marriage
- he charts the way for all humanity |
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Term
| 3 steps of Puberty Rite of Passage |
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Definition
1. Separation
2. Ordeal
3. Reincorporation: Return |
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Term
| Stories are built around 3 elements |
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Definition
1. Motifs
2. Patterns
3. Meaning grows of the previous two |
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Term
| 5 components of the Oral Tradition |
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Definition
1. Performer (storyteller)
2. Audience
3. Realistic imagery
4.Fantasy image (motifs)
5. Pattern (repetition) |
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Term
| In what way is setting important in "Ramaitsoanala"? |
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Definition
| the setting symbolize the stages: childhood, new life (adulthood), and the in-between is the struggle/movement inbetween |
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Term
| What role does Konyek play in the woman's puberty ritual? |
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Definition
| represents being in-between, b/c he is half human and half demon, represents the childhood past that needs to be destroyed |
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Term
| What does the the gamboler of the plain symbolize? |
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Definition
| traditions; vitality, youth, a promise among ruins |
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Term
| What is the significance ofthe old fairy in "the King's twelve sons and one daughter"? |
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Definition
| she represents the past/old generation, orchestrating the girl's ordeal, attaches the fate of the boys to that of the girl |
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Term
| "The Unborn Child": pattern and motif, what does the child represent? |
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Definition
| - pattern: the unborn child represents the father's tormented conscious - motif: persistent pursuer - the child is both an extension of the mother and a representation of the father's guilty conscious |
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Term
| "Python's Shining Stone": patterns (2), etiological element |
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Definition
| - Pattern 1: generosity - Pattern 2: want, selfishness - etiological element: explains the moon's phases, waxing and waning reminds us of Sheep's generosity |
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Term
| "Salamone the Orphan": patterns, motifs, mirroring |
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Definition
- Pattern 1: efforts to kill; motif: death dealers
- Pattern 2: Assistance from nature; motif: helpful animals
- Pattern 3: destruction of the ten-headed ogre; motif: swallowing monster
- efforts to destroy Salamone-> mirror efforts that are destructive to society
- boy is cutting himself off from his tainted past |
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Term
| "The Gamboler of the Plain": patterns, motif |
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Definition
- Gamboler does the work of the bride, Gamboler begins to die, The Gamboler does antisocial things to survive, Wife tries to bring the Gamboler back to life, All Die
- motif: bride quest |
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Term
| "Isis and Osiris": 3 significant patterns, motifs |
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Definition
- Patterns: 1) the attempts of Set to kill Osiris, 2) Isis seeking her husband's body, gathering the pieces, giving them life, 3) the regular death and resurrection of Osiris
- motifs: death and resurrection, transformation |
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Term
| "Mantis and the All-devourer": Patterns (2) |
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Definition
Pattern 1: Ticks fall down from the thatch and beat Mantis; move him into action
- Pattern 2: Creation and Recreation; creation is a result of Mantis dreaming |
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Term
| "Mantis Creates an Eland" |
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Definition
- Pattern 1: God creates an eland
- Pattern 2: God plays a trick, returning to the eland's gall to puncture it
- Dualistic god: death dealing by creating darkness and life-giving by creating the moon |
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Term
| "Beiho Tricks His Uncles": pattern and motifs |
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Definition
-Pattern: trickster does it, then uncles do it
- motifs: transformation, illusion, identity |
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Term
| "Mohammed with the Magic finger": who is Mohamed a mirror of? Who is going through the puberty rite of passage? |
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Definition
| - Mohammed's uncle is going through the puberty rite of passage: Mohammed mirrors the uncle |
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Term
| "The Magic Drum": patterns, etiological ending |
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Definition
| - Pattern 1: drum providing food - Pattern 2: drum provides whips - etiological ending: suggests that profane tricksters dance gingerly on the border between the age of creation and the contemporary age |
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Term
| "The Story of Chakijana": patterns, motif |
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Definition
- Pattern 1: Trickster takes over the mother's child-rearing functions; motif: illusion
- Pattern 2: purging the mother of evil
- pattern: transformation
- Trickster mirrors the mother: dualistic mother
* lack of harmony with nature |
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Term
| "Sikhuluma: the Boy who did not speak" |
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Definition
- Patterns in Part 1: bird quest (motif: birds that strangely lure humans to their death); Sikhuluma's life-giving speech; deaths of the boys (motif: swallowing monster)
- Patterns in part 2: monster quest and chase pattern; swallowing monster motif
- Patterns in part 3: mouse's advice (helpful animal motif); murder attempts (reluctant father-in-law motif); slow death of Sikhuluma (motif: dying and resurrected hero) |
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Term
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Definition
| someone involved in change on a national/cultural scale |
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Term
| How is the dualism of Mantis revealed in "Mantis Creates an Eland"? |
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Definition
-negative/ death-dealing side: creating the darkness (punishment for humans destroying his creation)
- Positive/Benevolent side: creating the moon so humans can see at night to hunt |
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Term
| What represents the developing wisdom of Ibonia? |
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Definition
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Term
| "Syani": pattern and motif |
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Definition
| Pattern: bride quest, reluctant in-laws (motif: swallowing monster) |
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Term
| "Ngoma's basket": puberty rite of passage steps; what represents her childhood and adulthood, resp; struggle in between? motif |
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Definition
- Separation: chased away by sisters
- Ordeal: pattern of escape, allaying the developing suspicions of the ogre; making the basket
- Return: basket floating through the air and the final destruction of the ogre
- childhood/struggle in-between: building basket
- adulthood: completed basket
- motif: magical transformation |
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Term
| "King's Twelve Sons and One Daughter": major pattern; what does the old woman rep? mirroring; what represents the struggle from childhood to adulthood |
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Definition
- major pattern: transformation (boys to doves, doves->men)
- old woman: past generation, orchestrating girl's ordeal, attaches the fate of the boys to that of the girl
- Childhood past: boys as doves
- Adulthood: boys as men
- struggle: the girl having the responsibility for the fate of the brothers |
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Term
| Armless-bride stories: major movement |
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Definition
- physical incompleteness
- incomplete (still a girl) -> completeness (a woman) |
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Term
| What is the significance of having two separations in one of the armless bride stories? |
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Definition
| - a girl does not move to completion when she gets married and has a child, but only when she becomes a complete, adult human being |
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Term
| "Konyek": motifs (4), major pattern, what do the twins represent? |
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Definition
- motifs: demon lover, forgotten object (beads), swallowing monster, magical growth
- major pattern: deception
- twin boys represent her developing wisdom |
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Term
| embedded images in "Ibonia" |
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Definition
- Far-seer, Strong-Swimmer, Joiner-Together, Life-Giver
- Life tree at home to symbolize his life |
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Term
| "Ramaitsoanala": sig of her as bird and human?---contradictions---what reveals her developing wisdom?---patterns |
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Definition
- half bird/half human: reveals that she is betwixt and between
- contradictory feelings in the mother mirror Rama's feelings: wanting to grow up and be an adult but also wanting to stay at home as a child
- the mother reveals her developing wisdom
- pattern: impossible tasks by the co-wives |
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Term
| Which myth is closest to the Golden Age? |
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Definition
| Mantis and the All-Devourer |
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Term
| Which myth is closest to the Contemporary age? |
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Definition
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