• Many Different Tribes too many to count,etc.
• The Fulani Tribe of West Africa is the largest nomadic tribe in the world.
• They are characterized by lighter skin and straighter hair, even being refered to as "White People" by other Africans.

• The Fulani people are Missionaries of Islam, so they try to convert people to Islam. The Fulani people are also primarily nomadic Herders and traders.
• The most Important object in the Fulani Society is Cattle. 

• The #of cows a person own is a sign of his wealth. 
• This has has cause conflict with other ethnic groups because their cows will graze on other peoples land and eat grain of other farmers. 
• Modernization of transportation has made it harder for the Fulani to stay a nomadic group and has forced them to settle down into farms or villages. 

• Modernization of transportation has made it harder for the Fulani to stay a nomadic group and has forced them to settle down into farms or villages. 

• The Zulu tribe are the largest ethnic group in South Africa. 
• They are known for their beadwork and basketry. 
• The Zulu believe in the creator god Nkulunkulu who doesnt interact with humans or everyday life. Thus, the Zulu must interact with spirits on a day to day level.

• Zulu also has a history of conflict with the British. The Zulu gave control of villages to the British but that caused conflict when the Zulu were introduced to new government.
•  In 1879, Zulu and the British broke out in war only to have the Zulu kingdom seperated and split up. In 1906, another uprising and they still continue to gain back villlages.
• Zulu tribe present in Cry,The Beloved Country

Apartheid of South Africa

Social and political policy of racial segregation and discrimination enforced by white minority governments in South Africa from 1948 to 1994

Apartheid- derived from the Afrikaans word for apartness, extends back to white settlement in 1652

National Party of South Africa Election 1948

South African political party, founded in 1914, which ruled the country from 1948 to 1994.

Its following included most of the Dutch-descended Afrikaners and many English-speaking whites.

The National Party was long dedicated to policies of apartheid and white supremacy,

but by the early 1990s it had moved toward sharing power with South Africa’s black majority.

meant to preserve white supremacy

worked through oppressive legislation

1950s Separation Acts

Group Areas Act of 1950- (commenced 7 July) forced physical separation between races by creating different residential areas for different races. Implementation began in 1954 and it led to forced removals of people living in "wrong" areas and the wholesale destruction of communities.

Land Acts of 1954 and 1955- restricted nonwhite residence to specific areas

These laws further restricted the already limited right of black Africans to own land, entrenching the white minority's control of over 80 percent of South African land.

Bantustans

limited fragmented African states

little resources

not able to be autonomous

every black South African made citizen of one of these 10 Bantu lands

Transkei (Xhosa) — declared independent on 26 October 1976

Ciskei (also Xhosa) — declared independent on 4 December 1981

Bophuthatswana (Tswana) — declared independent on 6 December 1977

Venda (Venda) — declared independent 13 September 1979

Gazankulu (Tsonga [Shangaan])

KaNgwane (Swazi)

KwaNdebele (Ndebele)

KwaZulu (Zulu)

Lebowa (Northern Sotho or Pedi)

QwaQwa (Southern Sotho)

National Party Legislation

Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, Act No 55 of 1949

Prohibited marriages between white people and people of other races. Between 1946 and the enactment of this law, only 75 mixed marriages had been recorded, compared with some 28,000 white marriages.

Population Registration Act, Act No 30 of 1950

Led to the creation of a national register in which every person's race was recorded. A Race Classification Board took the final decision on what a person's race was in disputed cases.

Group Areas Act, Act No 41 of 1950

Forced physical separation between races by creating different residential areas for different races. Led to forced removals of people living in "wrong" areas

Reservation of Separate Amenities Act, Act No 49 of 1953

Forced segregation in all public amenities, public buildings, and public transport with the aim of eliminating contact between whites and other races. The act stated that facilities provided for different races need not be equal.

Bantu Homelands Citizens Act of 1970

Compelled all black people to become a citizen of the homeland that responded to their ethnic group, regardless of whether they'd ever lived there or not, and removed their South African citizenship.

Three important movements challenged apartheid.  The oldest was the African National Congress (ANC) which was founded in 1912. The Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) broke away from the ANC in 1958 and initiated its own campaign against apartheid. 

Both groups were eventually banned by the South African government and forced underground where they began violent campaigns of resistance.

  In the late 1960s, the South African Students’ Organization (SASO) was formed.  Today it is known as the Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) in South Africa.

Apartheid formally ended in 1994 with the first election which allowed the participation of all adult voters.  With that election Nelson Mandela became the first black president of South Africa.