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AFAA GX Course - Chapter 2
Foundations of Exercise Science
55
Fitness
Not Applicable
01/16/2018

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Term
Kinetic chain
Definition
The interrelation of the actions of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems to create movement.
Term
Kinesiology
Definition
Study of human movement.
Term
Biomechanics
Definition
Study of how forces affect a living body.
Term
Anatomic position
Definition
Standard reference posture where the body stands upright with the arms beside the trunk, and the palms and head both face forward.
Term
anterior
Definition
FRONT
Term
posterior
Definition
BACK
Term
superior
Definition
ABOVE
Term
inferior
Definition
BELOW
Term
proximal
Definition
CLOSER to center of body
ex. shoulder
Term
distal
Definition
FARTHER FROM center of body
ex. wrist
Term
midline
Definition
center of the body
Term
media
Definition
toward the middle
Term
lateral
Definition
to the outside
Term
sagital
Definition
Plane: forwards and backwards (ex. walking)
Joint Action: flexion and extension
Term
frontal
Definition
Plane: side to side (ex. jumping jacks)
Joint Action: abduction, adduction, lateral flexion, eversion, inversion
Term
transverse
Definition
Plane: rotation
Joint action: pronation, supination, internal and external rotation, horizontal abduction and adduction
Term
flexion
Definition
ANGLE DECREASE
Bending at a joint where the relative angle between two bones decreases.
Term
extension
Definition
ANGLE INCREASE
Movement at a joint in which the relative angle between two adjoining segments increases.
Term
dorisflexion
Definition
FLEX
Anterior flexion of the ankle, where the top of the foot moves up and away from the ground.
Term
plantar flexion
Definition
POINT
Posterior extension at the ankle where the top of the
foot moves down toward the ground.
Term
abduction
Definition
OUT
Moving away from the midline.
Term
adduction
Definition
IN
Moving towards the midline
Term
eversion
Definition
ROLL ANKLE OUT
Bottom of the foot rotates inwards (medially).
Term
inversion
Definition
ROLL ANKLE IN
Bottom of the foot rotates outward (laterally).
Term
scapular retraction
Definition
Movement of the shoulder blades closer to the spine.
ex. row
Term
scapular protraction
Definition
Movement of the shoulder blade forward and away from
the spine.
ex. deadlift
Term
internal rotation
Definition
Turning of a limb or body segment toward the midline
of the body.
ex. from hip rotate foot IN
Term
external rotation
Definition
Turning of a limb or body segment away from the midline of the body.
ex. from hip, rotate foot OUT
Term
supination
Definition
Tri-planar movement (eversion, dorsiflexion, abduction).
ex. palms UP
Term
pronation
Definition
Tri-planar movement (plantar flexion, inversion, adduction).
ex. palms DOWN
Term
horizontal abduction
Definition
Lateral-rotational movement away from the midline of the body.
ex. outward motion of deltoid fly
Term
horizontal abbduction
Definition
Medial-rotational movement toward the midline of the body.
ex. inward motion of chest fly
Term
flexors
Definition
Muscles that produce flexion (DEcreased angle) of a limb or joint.
Term
extensors
Definition
Muscles that produce extension (INcreased angle) of a limb or joint.
Term
adductors
Definition
Muscles that produce adduction (moving IN) of a limb or joint.
Term
abbductors
Definition
Muscles that produce abduction (moving OUT) of a limb or joint.
Term
pronators
Definition
Muscles that produce pronation of a limb or body segment. (plantar flexion, inversion, adduction)
Term
supinators
Definition
Muscles that produce supination of a limb or body segment. (eversion, dorsiflexion, abduction)
Term
static posture
Definition
The starting point from which an individual moves; a pose in which the body is standing in its natural, relaxed position.
Term
dynamic posture
Definition
Positioning of the body during any movement.
Term
multiplanar
Definition
Occurring in more than one plane of motion.
Term
supine
Definition
FACING UP
Body position where one is lying on the back and facing upward.
Term
prone
Definition
FACE DOWN
Body position where one is lying face downward.
Term
concentric activation
Definition
Production of tension while shortening in length.(flexion)
ex. upward motion of squat
Term
isometric activation
Definition
Production of tension while
maintaining in length.
Term
eccentric activation
Definition
Production of tension while
increasing in length. (extension)
ex. lowering of biceps curl
Term
isolated function
Definition
A muscle’s primary concentric (shortening) functions.
Term
eccentric function
Definition
Action of a muscle when generating an eccentric (lengthening) contraction. A muscle that decelerates a movement is reducing the speed in order to maintain control and avoid injury.
ex. landing plyometric jumps
Term
origin
Definition
BEGINNING
The relatively stationary attachment site where a muscle begins. (Attached to bone.)
Term
insertion
Definition
END
The relatively mobile attachment
site of a muscle’s distal end.
Term
tendons
Definition
MUSCLE TO BONE
Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force.
Term
naming conventions
Definition
Plane (ex. sagittal)
Body Position (ex. supine)
Type of Modality
(ex. equipment)
Joint Action (ex. extension)
Primary Muscle (ex. target muscle)
Term
concentric
Definition
SHORTENS muscle length
Term
isometric
Definition
MAINTAINS muscle length
Term
eccentric
Definition
LENGTHENS muscle
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