Term
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Definition
| a quantity that represents only magnitude. Expressed with a single number and units. |
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Term
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Definition
| a quantity that represents magnitude and direction. |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of molecular material of which an object is comprised |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of space an object occupies |
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Term
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Definition
| Mass per unit volume. ρ = m / v |
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Term
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Definition
| a push or pull exerted on an object. F = m*a |
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Term
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Definition
| the force exerted on an object by gravity directed toward the center of the earth |
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Term
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Definition
| A force applied to a lever, at some distance perpendicular to an axis or fulcrum that tends to produce a rotation around that axis |
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Term
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Definition
| done when a force acts on a body and moves it. W = F * s (s = displacement) |
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Term
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Definition
| The rate of doing work or work done per unit time. P = W / t |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of a body to do work due to its motion or its position/state of being. TE = KE + PE |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of a body to do work due to its position or state of being. PE = weight * height = m*g*h |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of a body to do work due to its motion. KE = 1/2 * m*V^2 |
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Term
| Explain Newton's Law of Equilibrium |
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Definition
| First law: a body at rest tends to stay at rest and a body in motion tends to stay in motion in a straight line at a constant velocity unless acted upon by some unbalanced force. Principle is called inertia |
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Term
| State requirements for airplane to be in equilibrium flight |
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Definition
| The sum of all forces and all moments around the airplane's center of gravity must equal zero. |
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Term
| State requirements for an airplane to be in trimmed flight |
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Definition
| The sum of all moments around the airplane's center of gravity must equal zero |
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Term
| Explain Newton's Law of Acceleration |
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Definition
| A force applied to a mass tends to produce an acceleration in the direction of the force, directly proportional to the magnitude of the force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. a = F / m |
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Term
| Explain Newton's Law of Interaction |
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Definition
| For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction; the forces of two bodies on each other are always equal and are directed in opposite directions. Demonstrated when rearward force from a propeller's propwash causes an aircraft to thrust forward at an equal amount of force. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pressure particles of air exert on adjacent bodies. Ambient static pressure is equal to the weight of a column of air on a given area |
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Term
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Definition
| The total mass of air particles per unit volume |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of the average random kinetic energy of air particles |
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Term
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Definition
| The rate at which air temperature decreases linearly as altitude changes. Average lapse rate for standard conditions are 2°C or 3.57°F per 1000' altitude increase |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of water vapor in the air |
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Term
| Describe relationship between humidity and air density |
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Definition
| As humidity increases, air density decreases, as water molecules push away air particles |
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Term
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Definition
| The resistance of a fluid to flow or shearing |
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Term
| Describe relationship between temperature and viscosity |
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Definition
| For air, as temperature increases, viscosity increases. In liquids, as temperature increases, viscosity decreases. |
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Term
| Define local speed of sound |
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Definition
| The speed that a sound wave travels through air for a given set of conditions |
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Term
| Describe the relationship between temperature and local speed of sound |
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Definition
| As temperature increases, LSoS increases due to the fact that the air particles are more excited and can execute the wave motion faster. |
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Term
| State the values for standard sea level pressure |
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Definition
| 29.92 inHg or 1013.25 mbar |
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Term
| State the values for standard temperature |
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Definition
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Term
| State the values for standard average lapse rate |
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Definition
| 2°C or 3.57°F per 1,000 feet altitude increase |
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Term
| State the values for standard ρ0 (air density) |
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Definition
| 0.0024 slugs/ft^3 or 1.225 g/L |
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Term
| State the values for standard local speed of sound |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the general gas law |
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Definition
| P = ρ*R*T where P is pressure, ρ is density, R is the gas constant and T is temperature |
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Term
| Explain Bernoulli's equation |
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Definition
| H = Ps + q. H = total pressure, Ps = static pressure and q = dynamic pressure = 1/2 * ρ * V^2 |
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Term
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Definition
| For any given point over time in a streamline, there is a constant velocity, pressure, temperature and density |
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Term
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Definition
| the path that air particles follow in steady airflow |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of adjacent streamlines |
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Term
| Explain continuity equation |
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Definition
| A1 * V1 = A2 * V2. Disregarding compressibility, amount of mass flowing through one end of a streamtube must match the other end, regardless of area. |
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Term
| Define indicated altitude |
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Definition
| The altitude shown on an altimeter (static pressure corrected for Kollsman window setting) |
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Term
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Definition
| The actual height above ground |
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Term
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Definition
| The actual height over a standard reference level, the average sea level value |
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Term
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Definition
| The height over a standard datum plane, where pressure would be equal to 29.92 (IA corrected for instrument error and density) |
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Term
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Definition
| Pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature deviation. Not used as an actual height, but as a measure of aircraft performance. High Da = low performance, low air density |
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Term
| Describe the Pitot-Static system |
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Definition
| Pitot tube which measures ram air pressure at v=0 so total pressure, and static port on the side which measures static pressure. |
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Term
| Define indicated airspeed |
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Definition
| the airspeed shown on an airspeed indicator (measured from pitot-static system) |
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Term
| Define calibrated airspeed |
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Definition
| Indicated airspeed corrected for installation/instrument error |
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Term
| Define equivalent airspeed |
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Definition
| True airspeed at sea level on a standard day; calibrated airspeed corrected for compressibility error |
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Term
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Definition
| The actual speed through the air; equivalent airspeed corrected for air density |
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Term
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Definition
| The actual speed over ground. TAS corrected for headwind/tailwind component |
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Term
| Describe factors affecting indicated airspeed |
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Definition
| Literally just dynamic pressure converted to speed. Could have installation or position errors affecting accuracy. Also an instrument blockage could render this useless |
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Term
| Describe factors affecting calibrated airspeed |
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Definition
| Compressibility of air approaching speed of sound can cause this to be inaccurate |
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Term
| Describe factors affecting calibrated airspeed |
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Definition
| air density variation from standard conditions (temperature and pressure) can affect this value; it is based on the reference plane. |
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Term
| Describe factors affecting true airspeed |
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Definition
| a headwind/tailwind could be pushing or pulling you |
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Term
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Definition
| any device used to ascend and move through air. Includes dirigibles, lighter than air, airplanes, rotorcraft, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Heavier than air, engine-propelled, creates lift by dynamic reaction of air moving over its surfaces |
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Term
| List the five components of an airplane |
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Definition
| Fuselage, wings, engine, empennage, landing gear |
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Term
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Definition
| The main structure of the airplane; all other components are attached to this. Carries persons and cargo. Can be manufactured using truss, semi-monocoque or monocoque construction |
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Term
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Definition
| airfoil that forces air up and over it. Attached to the fuselage, may be one of three types of camber, and contains ailerons and may have flaps/slats/slots to change camber and airflow. May be semi-cantilever or full cantilever construction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Either jet engine or prop engine; attached to the fuselage. Generates thrust that is used to push the airplane through the air |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of a horizontal and vertical stabilizer. Rudder attached to vertical stabilizer, elevator attached to horizontal stabilizer. Might contain trim aid devices. Attached to the fuselage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Absorbs the shock and allows for ground roll on takeoff/landing. Also used for taxiing/ground operations. Nose wheel may be steerable with the rudder pedals. May be conventional (tailwheel) or tricycle (nose wheel) configuration and may be fixed or retractable. |
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Term
| State the advantages of semi-monocoque fuselage construction |
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Definition
| Balance between weight and strength; easier to fix than monocoque and lighter than truss type. |
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Term
| Describe full cantilever wing construction |
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Definition
| All bracing and support is inside the wings; attached to fuselage only at wing root. |
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Term
| Describe the airplane three-axis reference system |
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Definition
| Vertical axis goes through CG; Longitudinal axis goes from nose to tail of airplane; Lateral axis extends wingtip-to-wingtip. |
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Term
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Definition
| an infinite line extending from leading edge to trailing edge of a wing |
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Term
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Definition
| a measurement at one point of the wing along the chord line from leading edge to trailing edge |
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Term
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Definition
| The length of the chord at the base of the wing |
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Term
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Definition
| the length of the cord measured at the wingtip |
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Term
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Definition
| the mean of all chords along the airplane's chord line. used for calculating surface area, ratios, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| a line drawn equidistant from the top and bottom surfaces of the wing from leading edge to trailing edge. |
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Term
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Definition
| An airfoil that produces zero net lift at a zero angle of attack. MCL = chord line |
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Term
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Definition
| An airfoil that produces positive net lift at zero angle of attack. MCL > chord line |
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Term
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Definition
| An airfoil that produces negative net lift at zero angle of attack. MCL < chord line |
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Term
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Definition
| airflow parallel to the leading edge; generally from wing root toward wingtip. Does not generate lift. |
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Term
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Definition
| airflow perpendicular to the leading edge, generates lift |
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Term
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Definition
| The angle between the longitudinal axis and the horizon |
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Term
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Definition
| the actual path that the CG experiences while moving through the air |
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Term
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Definition
| The airflow the airplane experiences as it moves through the air. Equal and opposite in magnitude/direction to flight path |
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Term
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Definition
| The angle between chord line and relative wind |
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Term
| Define angle of incidence |
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Definition
| The angle between chord line and longitudinal axis of airplane |
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Term
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Definition
| Angle between lateral axis and the upward inclination of the wings |
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Term
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Definition
| the length from wingtip to wingtip |
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Term
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Definition
| The total area of the wing including the portion over/in the fuselage. Wingspan * average chord |
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Term
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Definition
| Ratio of weight to surface area WL = W / S |
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Term
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Definition
| the ratio of chord of airfoil from root to tip: ƛ = cT / cR |
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Term
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Definition
| angle between line drawn 25% from leading edge of wing to lateral axis |
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Term
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Definition
| ratio of wingspan to average chord AR = b / c |
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Term
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Definition
| Point at which all weight is experienced, considered to be concentrated |
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Term
| Define aerodynamic center |
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Definition
| Point at which all changes in aerodynamic force appear to act from |
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Term
| Describe motions that occur around airplane CG |
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Definition
| yaw about vertical axis, pitch about lateral axis and roll about longitudinal axis |
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Term
| Explain aerodynamic relationship of four primary forces of equilibrium flight |
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Definition
| Lift tends to counter weight but can also add to drag. Thrust generally counters drag but can also counter weight when climbing. To have equilibrium flight, the forces must cancel out and also not create any net moment. |
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Term
| Describe how the four primary aerodynamic forces affect each other |
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Definition
| Drag counters thrust. Weight generally is opposed to lift. |
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Term
| State pressure distribution around an airfoil |
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Definition
| Static pressure is lower above an airfoil when creating lift, and opposite for negative lift. Increasing AoA increases pressure differential between lower and upper surfaces until reaching CLMax AoA. |
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Term
| Define lift component of aerodynamic force |
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Definition
| Always perpendicular to the relative wind. Can be directly counter to weight as in level equilibrium flight, but often has a rearward component. |
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Term
| Describe how factors in the lift equation affect lift production |
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Definition
| L = 1/2 * ρ * V^2 * S CL, and CL is affected by compressibility, aspect ratio, viscosity, Angle of Attack, and camber |
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Term
| List factors affecting coefficient of lift that pilot can directly control |
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Definition
| Only angle of attack and camber |
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Term
| Define drag component of aerodynamic force |
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Definition
| Always parallel to relative wind and in same direction. D = 1/2 * ρ * V^2 *S * CD. Consists of parasite and induced drag components. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drag not associated with the production of lift. Includes form, friction and interference drag |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by the separation of air and turbulent low-pressure wake behind the object. |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by rough surfaces causing turbulent/adhering motion of wind, delayed separation |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by airflow around two different parts intersecting |
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Term
| Describe measures to reduce form drag |
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Definition
| Streamlining causes less wake behind the surface |
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Term
| Describe measures to reduce friction drag |
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Definition
| painting, sanding, overall making surface smoother |
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Term
| Describe measures to reduce interference drag |
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Definition
| Proper filleting and fairing ensures smooth meeting of airflow and less interference drag. |
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Term
| State effects of upwash and downwash on infinite wing |
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Definition
| upwash moves lift component forward, increases AoA. Downwash is equal and opposite and moves lift component rearward, reducing AoA. |
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Term
| State effects of upwash and downwash on finite wing |
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Definition
| same as infinite, but downwash is about twice as strong. This causes lift component to be slightly rearward due to span wise flow over the wingtip contributing to excess downwash moving AoA to be smaller. |
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Term
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Definition
| rearward component of lift in the direction of relative wind |
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Term
| Define cause of induced drag on a finite wing |
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Definition
| spanwise flow over the wingtip contributes to increased downwash. This reduces the AoA and thus pushes lift component rearward. |
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Term
| Describe factors affecting induced drag |
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Definition
Di = k*L^2 (or W^2) / ρ * V^2 * b^2
b = wingspan, L = lift, W = weight, k is a constant |
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Term
| State when an airplane will enter ground effect |
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Definition
| Within 1 wingspan of the ground |
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Term
| Describe effects of AoA changes on CL and CD |
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Definition
| increasing AoA increases both CL and CD until reaching CLMax, then it only increases CD |
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Term
| Explain lift to drag ratio using lift and drag equations |
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Definition
| L and D equations cancel out to be CL/CD. This ratio defines the efficiency of the airplane with relation to velocity and angle of attack |
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Term
| Explain importance of L/DMax |
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Definition
| Most efficient speed/AoA to fly airplane |
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Term
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Definition
| Induced plus parasite drag. All forces that act in same direction as relative wind. |
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Term
| Describe effects of changes in velocity on total drag |
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Definition
| Increased velocity increases total drag by squared factor |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of thrust required to fly the airplane at a given airspeed/AoA |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of thrust at given throttle, density for a given airspeed/AoA |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of power required to fly airplane at an airspeed/AoA |
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Term
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Definition
| Power at given throttle/PCL and density for given airspeed/AoA |
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Term
| Describe effects of throttle setting on thrust available and power available |
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Definition
| For a plane, TA increases with throttle increase. So does PA |
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Term
| Describe effects of velocity on TA and PA |
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Definition
| For prop, TA decreases as AS increases. for Jets it remains constant |
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Term
| Describe effects of density on TA and PA |
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Definition
| both TA and PA increase with increased density. |
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Term
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Definition
| Actual power produced by engine to turn shaft |
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Term
| Define propeller efficiency |
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Definition
| The percentage of power converted into thrust by a prop engine. |
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Term
| State max rated shaft HP in T-6B |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain how prop efficiency affects thrust horsepower |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe power required in terms of thrust required |
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Definition
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Term
| State location of L/DMax on TR curves |
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Definition
| At the lowest point of the TR curve |
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Term
| State location of L/DMax on PR curves |
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Definition
| To the right of the bottom; at the same velocity and AoA as on the TR curve |
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Term
| Describe how thrust required varies with velocity |
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Definition
| It decreases to point of L/DMax and then increases |
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Term
| Describe how power required varies with velocity |
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Definition
| It decreases as induced drag decreases but then increases with increase of velocity and increase of parasite drag |
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Term
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Definition
| the difference between thrust available and thrust required for a given velocity, throttle setting and density |
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Term
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Definition
| difference between power available and power required for given velocity, throttle setting and air density |
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Term
| Describe effects of excess thrust and excess power |
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Definition
| Will cause airplane to either accelerate or climb depending on AoA |
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Term
| Describe effects of changes in weight on thrust required |
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Definition
| moves curve up and to right; more TR and velocity required |
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Term
| Describe effects of changes in weight on power required |
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Definition
| moves curve up and to right |
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Term
| Describe effects of changes in weight on excess thrust |
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Definition
| decreases Te at all locations |
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Term
| Describe effects of changes in weight on excess power |
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Definition
| decreases Pe at all locations |
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Term
| Describe effects of changes in altitude on thrust required |
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Definition
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Term
| describe effects of changes in altitude on power required |
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Definition
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Term
| describe effects of changes in altitude on thrust excess |
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Definition
| decreases for prop airplane, not for jet |
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Term
| Describe effects of changes in altitude on power excess |
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Definition
| decreases power excess for every setting |
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Term
| Describe effects of configuration changes on thrust required |
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Definition
| moves curve up for gear, up and left for flaps, up and right for weight |
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Term
| Describe effects of configuration changes on power required |
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Definition
| moves curve up for gear, up and left for flaps, up and right for weight |
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Term
| Describe effects of configuration changes on thrust excess |
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Definition
| decrease excess thrust in general |
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Term
| Describe effects of configuration changes on power excess |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe aerodynamic effects of raising or lowering flaps |
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Definition
| lowering increases lift but also increases drag. allows you to fly at a slower airspeed for a given AoA. changes wing to be positively cambered |
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Term
| Describe aerodynamic effects of raising and lowering landing gear |
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Definition
| Increases parasitic drag. Requires more thrust for given AoA/Airspeed |
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Term
| Explain aerodynamic effects of ailerons on aircraft |
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Definition
| Ailerons move in opposite direction from each other. Causes more positive lift to be generated on one side and produces roll. |
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Term
| Explain aerodynamic effects of elevator on aircraft |
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Definition
| Causes air to either push up or down the tail and affect the nose opposite. |
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Term
| Explain aerodynamic effects of rudder on aircraft |
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Definition
| creates pressure differential on sides of rudder and produces yawing motion. used for coordinated flight. |
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Term
| Describe how trim tab system holds an airplane in trimmed flight |
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Definition
| move it opposite of the direction the control surface moves to produce a moment on that control surface. Will tend to hold it in place. |
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Term
| Define aerodynamic balancing |
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Definition
| Used to keep control pressures associated with higher velocities within reasonable limits. shaping airfoil in order to balance aerodynamic forces |
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Term
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Definition
| Affecting stability of control surfaces using weights/design to move CG |
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Term
| State methods for aerodynamic balancing employed on T-6B |
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Definition
| Shielded horn in elevator, Overhang in ailerons, shielded horn in rudder |
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Term
| State methods for mass balancing employed on T-6B |
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Definition
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Term
| List three types of control systems |
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Definition
| Conventional, power-boosted and full-power (fly-by-wire) |
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Term
| State characteristics of conventional control system |
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Definition
| motion of stick/rudder pedals directly move control surfaces. provides direct feedback with aerodynamic forces/changes |
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Term
| State characteristics of power-boosted control system |
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Definition
| Hydraulic, pneumatic or electric power boost. Some feedback, not as much as conventional |
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Term
| State characteristics of fly-by-wire control system |
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Definition
| Full-power systems provide no direct feedback and is completely controlled by electric systems. Can use artificial feedback. |
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Term
| State how trim tabs can be used to generate artificial feel on a control surface |
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Definition
| Servo trim tabs make it easier, moving opposite. Anti-servo trim tabs move with, making it more difficult. |
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Term
| Describe purpose of bobweights and downsprings |
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Definition
| downsprings make it more difficult to pull stick aft at slow speeds, and bobweights make it more difficult in maneuvering flight. for artificial feel. |
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