Hap Arnold

- In charge of Army Air Core during WWII

- Replaced Eaker with Doolittle to lead 8th air force batallion 

- Helped set up WASP (Women Airforce Service Pilots)

Jimmy Doolittle

- WWII - Took over Eaker's position in the 8th battalion of the Air Force

- Force the Loufwafa into battle

- Next target - Berlin

- Took air battle away from bombers

     - Advance fighters so the battle was away from bombers

- Earned medal of honor for Doolittle Raid 

Charles Lindbergh

WWII

- Warned about the strength of Germany's Air Force

- Asked by Henry ford to help with assembly of B-24 bombers

    - Redesigned parts to improve mass production

    - Worked with Mayo clinic on high altitude research

Robert Goddard

- Rocket research in 20s and 30s

- WWII - told US government rockets had military applications - they rejected him

- Experimented with liquid accelerants

    - Credited with creating and building the first liquid-fueled rocket

- Newspapers called him a crackpot

Wernher von Braun

- Germany's rocket man

- Helped develop V1 and V2 weapons

- Surrenders to America rather than Russia

    - US makes him a citizen & uses him to build rockets for us (Operation Paperclip)

    - Heads space program that led us to the moon

Yamamoto

- Japan's leading man

- Raised in Japan / went to Harvard

- Exchange program - saw American and European militaries in mid-late 1930s

- Plan:

    - Take over all of South Pacific - surprise attack all at once

    - Hong Kong, Singapore, Philippines, Pearl Harbor all attacked on the same day

    - Needed America out of the way for a year: took out Pearl Harbor (big military base)

- Also planned the attack on Midway

- Killed in 1943 by American bomber (P-38 Lightning)

Chuck Yeager

- Pilot of Bell X1

    - Broke sound barrier in 1947

    - 5 years ahead of Russians

- Leading WWII ace - 13 kills

Tex Jonson

- Test flew the 707

- Barrel rolled off the end of the runway

- 1G roll

- Low stress on the airplane

- Brought US into Jet age

Sir Arthur "Bomber" Harris

- In charge of bombing for England

- Suggested they bomb factories outside of Berlin in "area bombings" - hard to hit specific targets at night

- Bombings at night

    - Bomb population centers housing factory workers

- "purposeful bombing of civilians"

- 1000 plane raid on Germany ("Millenium Raid")

    - 600 acres burned, 250 factories destroyed, 45,000 refugees

    - Harris knighted

- Lost respect by the end of the war b/c of civilian losses

General Ira Eaker

- In charge of 8th air force - fought in 1942

- Very popular

- Reinforced idea of round-the-clock bombings

    - American planes better suited for daylight

    - Big losses

    - B-17

- Compiled 1 page memo entitled "Casablanca Directive"

    - England bombs at night, US during the day

- Lobbied for a fighter that could fly as far as the B-17

- Got P-51 Mustang

    - Best all-around fighter of the war

    - Made us much more successful during day campaigns

Herman Goering

- WWI veteran

- In charge of German Luftwaffe

- Air force alone would not win the war

Cold War

- After WWII, two superpowers - Russia and US

- Each had to prove they were better

    - Space Race, Arms Race, Technology Race

- Cuban Missile Crisis

Nimitz / McArthur

- 1943 - Roosevelt wanted army and navy to cooperate

- Put Nimitz in charge of Navy

- Put McArthur in charge of Army

- Made them equal ranks so neither was superior

Nimitz

- Naval commander for US in the pacific

- Defeated Japanese in Battle of the Coral Sea, Battle of Midway, and Solomon Islands Campaign

MacArthur

- Commander of the Army during WWII

- Had 70,000 troops in the Philippines when it was attacked (same day as Pearl Harbor)

    - Surrendered to 30,000 troops

    - Japanese Death March

- There when Japan signed surrender on September 2, 1945

De Havilland Comet

- First English commercial jet airliner

- First flight in summer 1949

- Flew at 40,000 ft, 500mph

- 1954 - started falling out of the sky due to metal fatigue

- Fixed plane, nobody trusted the brand

- Disaster allowed Boeing 707 to take over

Sputnik

- October 4, 1957

- Launched on a rocket

- Showed world that Russia had the technology

- Could they put a bomb on that??

Atomic Bombs

- Hiroshima:

   - Little Boy

   - Dropped by Col. Tibbits

   - Chosen due to weather and visibility

   - U-235 bomb weighing 9000lbs (20,000 tonnes of TNT)

   - Dropped August 6, 1945

   - Killed 150,000

   - Detonate 1900 ft above ground - explosion rains down

   - US threatened we would drop another bomb if they did not surrender unconditionally

- Nagasaki

   - Fat Man

   - Plutonium bomb weighing 10,000 lbs (25,000 tonnes of TNT)

   - Dropped August 9, 1945

   - Killed 75,000

   - Surrender or we'll do it again

   - They surrendered (we didn't have any more)

Spin-offs of the Space Program

- Technology created for shuttle program that ended up being utilized by other industries

- Velcro

- Tang

- Teflon

- UV filter coating on sunglasses

- Styrofoam

- Solar cell technology, batteries

- Microwaves

- Satellites: GPS, weather, spy

- Satellites that can look into space without the haze of atmosphere

Tuskegee Airmen

- Tuskegee - town in Eastern Alabama

- All pilots were black

- Experimental program

- 1000 black pilots

- Mostly fighter pilots

- Went to North Africa

- Became the most requested fighter escort group during bombing campaigns

- Never lost a bomber

- Most other airmen did not know they were black

- Identifiable planes - tails painted red

- "Red Tails" or "Red Tailed Angels"

- Changed how America looked a black soldiers following the war - aided in the integration of the military (instead of segregated units)

Private Pilot Requirements

- Requires FAA medical certificate

- No limitations on aircraft size

- Freedoms

   - Retractable landing gear

   - More than one passenger 

   - 40 hours required (typically takes 70)

   - Fly in class B, C, or D airspace

   - Night flights

   - Fly outside U.S. airspace

   - Less than 3 miles visibility (uncontrolled airspace)

   - Sightseeing flights

- Costs approx $8000

Igor Sikorsky

- Developed first mass-produced helicopters

- Russian airplane designer

- Came to US, designed successful planes

- America overlooked Helicopter technology for Army

- Germany was the only country using helicopters

- German rockets designed by Werhner Von Braun

- V for Vengence

- V1 

   - Carried 1800lb explosive

   - Remote bomb - area weapon

   - 200 mile range, 350 mph

   - could be shot down

F-80

- Lockheed P-80 shooting star

- Fist jet fighter used by US Air Force

- Designed in 1943

- 620 mph

- Designed with straight wings

- Richard Bong was the test pilot in 1945

- Killed in a test before end of war

- Overwhelmed enemies with production capabilities

- F-86 Sabre

- Transonic Jet Fighter

- First mach1 capable airplane (1949)

- Swept wings / centerline thrust engine

- Kept up with Soviet MiG-15

SR-71 Blackbird

- Designed to fly high and fast

- 1966

- 85000 ft

- Mach 3.2, 2200 mph

- Only 1.5 hours of fuel

- 32 made

- Last generation of spy planes - replaced by satellite 

Lockheed U2

- One of the first high-altitude spy planes

- 1957 - 86 made

- Looks like a powered glider

- Fly for 12 hours with long-range fuel tanks

- 435 mph

- 85,000 ft (top) 

- 70,000 ft (cruise)

Jackie Cochran

&

Nancy Love

- Started WASP (Womens Airforce Service Pilots)

- 1942 - 44

- Proposed that women could fly non-combat missions during WWII

- Both women went to Hap Arnold independently

Pearl Harbor

- December 7, 1941

- Planned by Yamamoto

- Get about 300 miles north of Oahu

- 6 aircraft carriers, 400 airplanes

- 2 battleships, 2 cruisers, 4 destroyers, 3 tankers

- Attack early Sunday morning in three waves:

    1. Neutralize air power - strike air fields, sink 3 aircraft carriers, work on battleships

    2. 8:25am - 167 airplanes - finish air fields, battleships, and other cruisers

    3. Fuel depots - had about a year of fuel in tanks / destroy repair facilities

        - No third wave - didn't know where US aircraft carriers were

        - Fuel & repair facilities intact

        - Everything repaired at Hawaii - didn't have to return to mainland

        - Only put us back about 6 months, Japan wanted a full year

- Most successful single attack in war - done with airplanes

- We lost 2400 lives, 188 airplanes, 8 battle ships

- Japan lost 55 lives, 29 airplanes, 2 mini subs

U.S. After WWII

- Marshall Plan

- VA Bill of Rights

- Keep a Navy, Army, and small Air force

Marshall Plan

- General Marshall

- Help rebuild countries we destroyed

- Help Germany and Japan

- Spend as much money helping as we did destroying

- They will be our friend in the end

VA Bill of Rights /

GI Bill of Rights

- Benefits available to veterans

- Pay for college

- Economically - not all soldiers have to compete for same jobs

- Many went to college, further degrees

- Eases numbers piling into workforce

- Allowed wider variety of those who went to the workforce after college

Jet vs Prop

Jet:

   - Large combustion chamber

   - Fuel sprayed in, continuous explosion

   - Drives turbines in front, which compress air

   - 3500 tbo (to be overhauled)

         - don't need service as often

   - Needs more runway, climbs slower

   - Flies higher and faster

Prop:

   - Larger engine

   - Faster takeoff, lower top speed and altitude

Battle of Britain

- Germany invaces England

- Prepares for Blitzkrieg attack

- Dedicate 5000+ boats, 2700 planes for invasion

- Britain brings planes home for defense

- Britain lost half of 1000 pilots

- Germany didn't know they were so close to winning

- Planning on going to Russia after attack on Britain - Britain took longer than expected

   - Began to interfere with Russia

   - Needed to get to Russia before it became too cold

- Hitler decided to focus on Russia, continue with Britain as often as possible

- Britain learned use of RADAR - only send up pilots after planes spotted

- First major battle fought only with airplanes

- Led to bombing campain against Germany

Projects Mercury, Gemeni, Apollo

Mercury:

- 1957 - 1962

- Put a man in space and bring him back

Gemini:

- 1963 - 1967

- 1963: Kennedy decided we would be on the moon by the end of the decade

- Solve issues regarding space travel - put men in space for 2 weeks

- Need to be able to dock one vehicle on another in space 

- Command module and lunar module

Apollo:

- 1967 - 1972

- Put men on the moon and got them back safely

Blitzkrieg

- Lightning War

- Germany goes to aid Spain against communists

- Send Condor Legion

- Testing new equipment

- Gain superiority

- Take out infrastructure

- Short duration of air support - only 30 seconds of fire time / few bombs

- Conquered Poland in 18 days using this method

Global Flyer

- Designed by Burt Rutan (CP grad)

- Flown around the world in a solo nonstop flight

   - 67 hours 

   - February - March, 2005

   - Flown by Steve Fossett

Goals and Results of Airline De-Regulation in 1978

- Remove government controle over fares, routes, and market entry (of new airlines) from commercial aviation

- Lowered prices of flying

- Quality of planes went down

- Airlines predicted more people would fly - this didn't happen

- Airlines began to hire third parties for repairs - not liable for faults

- Eventually led to greater regulation, higher prices, and checks and balances

Spitfire

- English fighter during Battle of Britain

- Elliptical wing

- 350 mph

- Highly maneuverable

- 1 spitfire : 2 hurricaines

Hurricaine 

- 300 mph

- Beginning Battle of Britain: did not think it would be very helpful

- Very maneuverable

- Most successful airplane in the Battle of Britain

- German rockets designed by Werhner Von Braun

- V for Vengence

- V2

   - 220 mile range

   - 2200 lb explosive

   - 1200 made and fired

   - went faster than speed of sound

   - moved too fast to be destroyed

NACA & NASA

NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics)

- Changed to NASA in 1958

- National Aeronautics and Space Administration

- Focus on space race

- Involve civilian effort, not just military

- Expanded on Rocket program with Von Braun

- Focus money and time in one area

WASP

- Women's Air Service Pilots

- 1942 - 44

- Jackie Cochran and Nancy Love

- Hap Arnold helped get it started

- Use women for non-combat missions

- Different training requirements from men

    - Women had to already be pilots

    - Go to pilot school then advanced training

- 1084 graduates

- Did not get veteran status until 1977

Japanese Zero

- Japanese main fighter in Army and Navy

- Fast, agile

- Many parts were magnesium - lighter and stronger

- No protection around pilot

- No self-sealing fuel tanks

- US needed pilot & wingman to fight them - 2:1 or 3:1 to get a better kill rate 

- Prototype codenamed "-80"

- First successful jet airliner

- Changed face of aviation

- 1954

- First successful commercial airplane for Boeing

- May 20 - Tex Johnson

   - Fell apart before it got off the ground

- Used by Air Force One for 20+ years

Battle of Coral Sea

- May 7 - 8, 1942

- First naval battle where ships were never in sights of one another - fought with planes

- Japan greatly outnumbered us in aircraft carriers

- Tactical failure for US

- Huge strategic success for US (we didn't know it)

   - Yamamoto was planning Midway

   - Put Coral Sea on hold until after Midway

   - Never got back to Coral Sea

   - Changed war

Battle of Midway

- June 4, 1942

- Put out false intelligence codes we know the Japanese can break - hear them using certain names / code words

- Lets us see attack on Midway coming

- Send everything we have to Midway

- US greatly outnumbered

- We get there first

- Japanese under radio silence

- Yamamoto's plan - spy planes to see if aircraft carriers in Hawaii

- Submarines between Hawaii and Midway

    - Set up 4 days after Americans passed through

- Couldn't refuel planes because we were (inadvertantly) blocking their refueling subs

- Kept a few B-17s and PBY Catalinas at Midway

   - Spot Japanese carriers while on recon on June 3

- Move everything else back to Pearl Harbor

- Launch fighters and bombers

   - Fighters - Wildcat & Hellcat

   - Torpedo Bomber - Avenger

   - Dive Bomber - dauntless

- Torpedo planes got there first - took Japanese fighters down to sea level

   - Only 2 pilots survived

- Fighters and dive bombers arrive while cover is shooting torpedos

- Sink 2 carriers / damage 3rd

- Japanese had sent one round of attacks to Midway - were in the middle of refueling & rearming

   - Spotter came back - told them there were aircraft carriers

   - Began re-arming planes - all bombs and fuel on deck when we attack, as well as their planes

Results

- We sank all 4 of their aircraft carriers

- They sank the Yorktown and a destroyer

- We lost 2 ships, 150 planes, 307 lives

- They lost 4 aircraft carriers, other big ships, 253 airplanes, 3500 lives

- Lost best of pilots, crews, leaders

- Hurt them for the rest of the war

Why we won the Battle of Midway

- Broke their code - knew objective to midway

- Yamamoto had sent 2 carriers as a distraction to Alaska - could have been imperative at Midway

- Passed their picket lines before they were set up

- Waiting at Midway

- Three carriers (instead of two) - Yorktown, Enterprise, Hornet

- We (effectively) found them first

- Our torpedo planes brought down their fighter protection to low altitude

- They divided their forces

- They were refueling

- They had carriers in front without the protection of battleships

Bell X-1

- Designed to go supersonic

- Straight wings

- Breaks sound barrier ahead of Russians

- Piloted by Chuck Yeager

Bell X-15

- US Rocket Plane

- Piloted by Pete Knight

- Went out of Earth's atmosphere

- Set speed and altitude records

- Used for gathering data about space and aircraft designs

- Douglas DC3

- Revolutionary 

- 1937

- Held 21 people

- 20 mph faster than Boeing 247

- Made available to all airlines

- More comfortable - wider, sleeping berths, quiter, bigger, heavier

- Became industry standard

- Greater range

- Cost less per seat per mile

- Military version is C47 Skytrain

Bunt

- Quickly pointing nose of airplane downward

- ME 262

- German Jet technology

- 540 mph

- Inspired next generation of American jets - F-86

B-17

- High-altitude bombers used at Midway

- 10,000 lb of bombs

- Long raids

- Crew of 10

- Flew unescorted

- "Flying Fortress"

B-24 Liberator

- One of America's main heavy bombers

- Used for strategic bombings in Germany

B-29

- Biggest and longest distance

- Used for atomic bombs

B-25

- 300 mile range

- Used for Doolittle raid

P-51 Mustang

- Best all-around fighter in the war

- 430 - 450 mph

- 1 gallon of gas per minute

- Huge help in day campaigns

P-47 Thunderbolt

- US Fighter Bomber

- 420 mph

- 2 gal of gas per minute

- Wanted plane with same performance but better fuel usage

P-38 Lightning

- Richard Bong

   - America's leading ace (40 kills)

- Twin booms, central nacelle with cockpit

- Used as long-distance fighter, dive bombing, bombing, ground attack, recon

SAC

Air force divided into three commands:

Strategic Air Command

- Offensive arm of air force

- Bombers, rockets

MAC

TAC

TAC

Air force divided into three commands:

Tactical Air Command

- Responsible for fighters & national defense

MAC
SAC

MAC

Air force divided into three commands:

Military Aircraft Command

- Use big airplanes

- Move army and equipment rapidly

- Provide relief

- C130 Hercules

- C17 Globe Master

- C5 Galaxy

SAC

TAC

Voyager 

Dick and Burt Rutan

- First non-stop flight around the world

- Took 9 days

- Onboard fuel only

- Looks like a big glider

- Burt Rutan - CP class of 1965

Pilotage

- Use of fixed visual references on ground or sea by means of sight or radar

- E.g. following train route

Dead Reckoning

- Calculating one's current position by using a previously determined position

- Advance position based upon known / estimated speeds over elapsed time and course

IFR (instrument flight)

- Need to fly under IFR to fly with instruments / go through heavy fog layer

- Don't need to have visibility

- Test is instrument-only flight

- Different maps

VFR (non-instrument flight)

- Visual Flight Rules

- Anytime you can see out of the airplane, you can keep the wings leve,

- Charts - compass roses on maps stands for VOR stations (radio navigation facility)

- Yellow on map stands for what lights look like at night

ADF / NBD

- Automatic Direction Finder

- Radio navigation instrument

- Automatically / continuously displays the relative bearing from the aircraft to a suitable radio station

- Non-Directional Beacon transmits radio signal

VOR / VHF

- Very High Frequency - omnidirectional radio range

- short-range 

- aircraft receives radio signals transmitted by a network of fixed ground radio beacons

Inertial (INS)

- Use of computer, motion sensors, and rotation sensors

- continuously calculate via dead reckoning 

- Calculate position, orientation, and velocity

- Alwaysed used by military

LORAN

- LOng RAnge Navigation

- Low-freq radio signals transmitted by fixed land based radio beacons

- Can tell you approximate time of arrival and speed in relation to ground

Space Shuttle Program

- Reusable space ship

- America thought it would be a $ generator - up to 100 flights per year

- No interest

- Too costly

- 2 bad accidents : Challenger and Columbia

- 

Challenger

- Space shuttle accident in 1986

- Avoidable 

  - Sealants not designed for freezing weather

  - Due to bureaucracy, flight happened despite warnings

- Changed the method of shutting down a launch

Columbia Disaster

- 2003

- Lost too many tiles (absorb heat)

- Now - space walks ensure shuttle is in good condition

- Realized the shuttle is the most complicated piece of equipment to ever come out of the mind of man

Tupolev TU - 144

- Russia's supersonic airplane

- Stole plans for Concord

- Nicknamed "Concordeski" due to striking resemblance

- Not Soviet technology and design

- Sabatoged at Paris Air Show - big crash

Boeing 2707

- America's attempt at a supersonic jet airliner

- Did not account for weight of passengers

WWII Aces and Kills

Distinguished Cal Poly Graduates

Burt Rutan

• Pres. Scaled Composites Co.
• Voyager / Space Ship One

Robert "Hoot" Gibson

• Astronaut

Dean Borgman

• V.P. Boeing Helicopter Sys

Paul Martin

• E.V.P. Lockheed-Martin Skunk Works

Michael Evans

• V.P. Lockheed-Martin Skunk Works

James Phillips

• V.P. Boeing Aircraft

Robert Wulf

• V.P. Northrop-Grumman Co.

Rick Sturkow - 1984

• Astronaut

Richard Baker

• V.P. General Manager Lockheed-Martin, Palmdale

David Esposto

• Chief Engineer Boeing Satellite Systems

David Johnson

• Sr. Engineer, Vandenberg Launch, Lockheed-Martin

Charan Langton

• Manager of Simulation and Analysis, Space Sys / Loral

James Ross

• Chief, Experimental Physics, NASA, Ames

Douglas Wood

• Director, Air Combat Systems, Northrop-Grumman

Current US Small Aircraft Manufacturers

• 6 seats or fewer
• Piper
• Cessna
• Beechcraft
• Mooney
• Lancair
• Cirrus
• Maule
• Aviat / Pitts
• Bellanca
• Commander
• Socata
• Citabria
• American Champion
• Diamond Catana
• Luscombe
• Lear

Current US Manufactureres of Large Aircraft

• 30+ people per airplane
• Boeing
• Northrop-Grumman
• Lockheed-Martin
• Airbus
• Avro
• Jetstream
• Canadair
• Fokker
• Gulfstream
• Tupolev
• De Havilland
• Saab
• Convair
• Antonov
• Embraer
• Beechcraft
• Ilyushin
• Fairchild

Enola Gay

- Col. Tibbits' Mother

- Name of B-29 that bombed Hioshima

Flying Tigers

- Early 1941 - Col. Channault formed a group of civilians to fight for Chinese flying our planes

- Had to take a leave of absense from their position in the Army / Navy

- China paid each soldier & gave a stipend for every Japanese plane they shot down

- Return to US & get elevated one rank

- Had to keep it a secret

- British and Australian pilots also involved

- Used the P40 plane

- Discovered we couldn't fight the Japanese Zero in flight

- Pilots got early exposure, skill, and knowledge on fighting Japanese

- Pappy Boeington - Black Sheep Squadron

Doolittle Raid

- April 18, 1942

- B-25 bomber off the ground within < 500ft

- Carrier Hornet

- Plan - take off 400 miles off Japan - land in China

- 650 miles off Japan - carriers spotted by Japanese ships - didn't know if we had been reported

   - Decided to take off from there

   - Destination was Tokyo

   - Show Japan their home island was vulnerable

   - Dropped 16 tonnes of bombs 

   - None of the planes made it to the landing field in China

- Immediate aftermath - Doolittle convinced mission was a failure

- Commended by Chinese and Americans for efforts

- Doolittle awarded Congressional Medal of Honor

Burt Rutan / Spaceship One / White Knight

Suborbital air-launched spaceplane

completed first manned private spaceflight in 2004

SpaceShip one launched from White Knight

Firepower before WWII by Country

America:

- 800 airplanes & 26,000 aviation personnel

Great Britain:

- 1900 airplanes, 2 bombers to every fighter, 4,000 aviation personnel

Germany:

- 4100 airplanes & 500,000 aviation personnel

Japan:

- 3500 airplanes & 300,000 aviation personnel

WWII Timeline

December 7, 1941

   Pearl Harbor

February 1942

   Butch O'Hare - 1st Ace

April 18, 1942

   Doolittle Raid

May 7 - 8, 1942

   Battle of Coral Sea

June 4, 1942

   Battle of Midway

August 6, 1945

   Hiroshima - Atomic Bomb

August 9, 1945

   Nagasaki - Atomic Bomb

August 10, 1945

   Japan announces surrender

September 2, 1945

   Japan signs surrender aboard the Missouri

Kamikaze

- 1944

- Japan's special volunteer crew of pilots

- Only enough fuel to get to the target

- Yokosuka MXY-8 Ohka (Cherry Blossom)

- Very successful

- Almost impossible to defend against

- Pilots had no fear of dying - only purpose was to get the plane to the target

- 3913 pilots - volunteers at first

- Started running out of volunteers- began drafting

- Honorable draft

Manhattan Project

- Built atomic bombs

- Built Fat Man & Little Boy

- Airbus A340

- Seats 525 - 853 people

- Mach .85

- $330 million

- Navy F-14 Tomcat

- Wings forward - slower

- Can have many wing configurations dependent on use

- B-2 Bomber

- Mach .9

- Stealth bomber

- F-117

- Early stealth fighter

- Mach .9

- $43 million

- F-16 Fighting Falcon

- Mach 2

- $14 - 27 million

- 4500 built

- F-22 Raptor (stealth)

- Mach 2.2

- $137 million

- F4U Corsair

- One of Leaphart's favorites

- Concorde

- English supersonic jet airliner

- Took 11-12 years to build

- World changed during this time - debut during 1970s

- Mach 2.2

- Cruise up to 50,000 ft

- Out of service in 2003

- Why it failed:

   - Expensive

   - Concern for environment  

   - Sonic booms  

- Germany's Stuka Dive Bomber

- 250 mph

- Supports troops

- Attack tanks

- Carry up to 1100lb bomb

- Special siren designed to terrify enemy