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| apprenticeships and trades passed from faather to son (declined due to emerging industry and westward expansion) |
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| Transition in Education (awakening years) |
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| from control by church to support by state |
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| Support for schools (awakening years) |
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| labor groups; public, tax supported schools emerged |
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| education for women (awakening years) |
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| Pestalozzi (swiss educator) |
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| educational theory borrowed by voc ed; impression resulted in expression; "learning by doing" |
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| Years of Independent Action (dates) |
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| Manual Labor Movement (Independent Action) |
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| mechanics institutes; lyceums; manual labor academics |
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| combine science and practice |
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| added liberal arts to voc ed |
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| added student work; means of paying for education; dignified labor |
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| Independent actions that occurred during Years of Independent action |
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| homemaking education for girls; leadership in business education assumed by private schools; beginning of trade schools (Hampton Institute) |
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| first teacher training classes |
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| favored taxation to support local schools; legal basis for public high schools; helped establish location of vocational education in public schools |
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| Vocational Education Age (dates) |
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| Sloyd System- scandanavian handwork (wood) (voc ed age) |
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| instill love and respect for honest labor; instruction from easy to difficult |
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| Interest in home economics as a domestic science |
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| in public schools cirriculum by 1900; lake placid conference led to development of home economics education and teacher training |
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| National Society for Promotion of Industrialized |
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| goal was to obtain federal support; foundation for American vocational association (later ACTE) |
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| WWII pushed expansion of vocational education |
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| national defense training; opened doors to work and education for women |
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| Vocational Education TODAY (dates) |
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| career education (voc ed today) |
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| introduced as a reform for general education (mid 70s) |
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| Reduced enrollments in 1980s |
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| increased highschool graduation requirements; decreased in # of high school students; many programs were reduced or eliminated |
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| integration of academic and voc ed |
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| land grant universities (discovering new knowledge in ag & mechanization) |
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| similar act passed for African-American students in the segregated south |
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| 1887 ag experiment stations; Funded applied research in agriculture aimed at addressing problems faced by farmers |
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| established cooperative extension service; function: disseminate information developed at the land-grant universities and at agricultural research stations; originally called ag extension services |
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| federal funding for ag/ home ec/ & trade industry; original funding $3 million; required SAE's; included adult ed |
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| silence, listening, remembering, practicing, teaching others |
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| 7 cardinal principles of education (1917) |
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| sound health; worthy home membership; mastery of tools, techniques, and spirit of learning, faithful citizenship, vocational effectiveness, wise use of leisure time, ethical character |
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| courses designed to prepare students to enter 4yr college degree programs |
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| career and technical education |
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| courses to prepare students to enter the work force OR college |
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| CTE at post secondary level 2yr degree |
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