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| Propositions for which no information can be made available within the scope of study; aka delimitations |
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| Knowledge gained from one who has experience of some other expertise; sources are custom and tradition. |
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| purpose of experimental research to establish causality and an if/then relationship. |
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| same as variable, but this term is used in a survey or correlational study instead of the term "variable" |
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| a proposition inferred from a finding or premise in research; is directly supported by the data |
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| Higher- level abstraction from things that cannot be observed or illustrated by specific objects or events; eg. justice, leadership, reading readiness. |
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| purpose or end sought of experimental and quasi-experiemtnal research to test hypothesis of causal relationships betweens studies |
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| type of relational study to explain and predict; compares two or more different characteristics for the same group of people |
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| syllogistic reasoning; determines the consequences of pre-existing knowledge; theorizes about facts |
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| the phenomenon that is the object of the study which is going to be affect, aka consequence, criterion, observation, Y, the thing that is supposed to change because of X. |
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| purpose of descriptive research used to portray the incidence, distribution, and characteristics of a group or situation. |
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| Researcher develops hypotheses based on the findings of related research and conducts study in a systematic manner. |
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| method of scientific inquiry |
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| the aim or purpose of a research study |
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| a type of relational study that does not establish causality but is often called causal-comparative and substitutes for an experimental study; its purpose is to explain and predict; subjects self-select the level of X or variable (X) is naturally occurring. |
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| type of research to establish causality, if/then; cause/effect relationships; its purpose is to control |
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| A schematic representation of an alternative hypothesis; same as H1; see alternative hypothesis |
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| A schematic representation of the null hypothesis |
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| a schematic representation of a research hypothesis; same as Ha; see alternative hypothesis |
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| a schematic representation of the second alternative hypothesis; same as Ha |
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| subjects of a study are protected; they must know all limits of confidentiality. |
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| examining examples (sample) and inferring to the rest (population) with probability; ie using a sample to generalize to a population like indirect route inferences |
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| the relation which holds between two propositions because one is logically deducible from the other. |
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| variable predicted from an antecedent to the dependent variable; aka Antecedent, X, treatment, factor. |
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| general conclusions on the basis of knowledge gathered through direct observation, linked to Francis Bacon; observes and accumulates facts. |
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| values of the independent variable or treatment administered. |
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| factors which impose limits on the study; included in chapter 1 of the research proposal |
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| the presumed relationship between variable to be measured in the study; principal X's in ex post facto research |
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| See survey research; aka study status |
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| hypotheses of "no difference" or "no relationship", aka statistical hypotheses; not always stated in proposal. |
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| see dependent variable; comprised of true score plus error; i.e., O=TS +E |
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| observing all examples (members) or a population; Direct Route Inference |
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| all members of any well-defined class of people, events, or objects |
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| one variable (Y) forecasted from knowledge of the other (X); see also regression |
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| a proposition from which a conclusion is drawn. |
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| chapter of proposal, aka methodology, Chapter III. |
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| a formal, systematic, application of the scientific approach to the study of a problem to discover new information or expand and verify existing knowledge. |
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| Chain of reasoning in which the investigator moves inductively from observations to hypothesis and then deductively from the hypothesis to the logical implications of the hypothesis. |
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| differences are not due to chance, see alpha level; reject the Ho and accept the H1(Ha) or H2 (Ha') |
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| major premise, minor premise, and a conclusion; also see deduction |
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| identification of a population to be represented in the study; group to whom results can be generalized; also see Frame; aka Universe |
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| tradition; always has been true, a way of obtaining knowledge |
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| probability of rejecting the hypothesis even though it is true; see alpha level |
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| probability of retaining the hypothesis even though it is false. |
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| characteristics by which a person or objet can be described. |
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