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(ADV) Viruses
N/A
60
Biology
9th Grade
01/06/2012

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Term
Attenuated Virus
Definition
a virus that is weakened and used to make attenuated vaccines
Term
virus
Definition
a nonliving particle made up of nucleic acid and a protein coat or a lipid-protein coat
Term
isocahedron
Definition
a solid figure with twenty plane faces, especially equilateral triangularho ones
Term
capsid
Definition
the outer layer of protein that encloses a virus
Term
envelope
Definition
bilipid membrane that surrounds the capsid, formed from either the nuclear membrane or the cell membrane of the host cell
Term
retrovirus
Definition
contains reverse transcriptase. reverse transcriptase uses RNA as a template to make DNA which then inserts into the host cell's genome.
Term
reverse transcriptase
Definition
uses DNA to make RNA
Term
bacteriophages
Definition
viruses that infect bacteria
Term
lytic cycle
Definition
a virus invades a host cell, reproduces new viruses, and ruptures the host cell when releasing newly formed viruses
Term
virulent
Definition
viruses that produce only by the lytic cycle
Term
lysogenic cycle
Definition
allows viruses to hide in their host cell for a few days
Term
Who is a person who studies viruses?
Definition
virologist
Term
Who was Wendell Stanley?
Definition
He isolated the TMV virus that causes Tobacco Mosaic Disease
Term
what are the tools of a virologist?
Definition
cell culture, and SEM: to see the outside of a virus, and TEM: to see the inside of a cell, serology, electrophoresis, and Nucleic acid sequencing
Term
Serology:
Definition
the study of antigen and antibody reactions in blood serum
Term
What is the structure of a virus?
Definition
In the center of every virus there is either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a layer of proteins called a capsid
*certain viruses have an envelope around them that is composed of phospholipids and proteins
Term
How do viruses get taken into cells?
Definition
plant cells: rips or tears in cell walls, bacteriophage: it injects its DNA into the cell wall, and animal cells: phagocytosis
Term
What determines the classification of a virus?
Definition
which nucleic acid is in the capsid
Term
classify herpes or whatever
Definition
DNA virus: herpesviruses: std herpes, cold sores, chicken pox, and shingles
Term
influenza
Definition
RNA: orthomyxovirus
Term
hepatitus
Definition
picornaviruses, RNA
Term
Small pox
Definition
DNA poxviruses
Term
what is the structure of bacteria?
Definition
no nucleus: DNA and ribosomes float around in the cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall and its surrounded by a capsule
Term
what organelle in a prokaryotic cell is similar to the cell membrane in a bacterial cell?
Definition
the cell membrane is similar to the mitochondria and chloroplasts
Term
what is the classification of viruses?
Definition
DNA and RNA
Term
what is the classification for bacteria?
Definition
Archaea bacteria and eubacteria, and they are all separated by differences in peptidoglycan: Archaea bacteria: none, Gram - little amounts, gram + big amounts
Term
What are the reproduction cycles for viruses?
Definition
Lytic cycle: reproduction cycly of a virulent virus, cell explodes in the end
Lysogenic cycle: reproduction of a temperate virus, no explosion
Term
how do bacteria reproduce?
Definition
binary fission
Term
what are the three forms of which bacteria reproduce?
Definition
Conjugation: 2 viruses exchange plasmids through a sex pili
Transformation: bacteria takes in DNA from its environment,
Transduction: prophage obtains host DNA and transfers it to a new cell
Term
how do viruses cause disease?
Definition
it is put in a vector and is spread through DNA and it causes cell/tissue destruction
Term
how do bacteria cause disease?
Definition
tissue destruction and toxin production
Term
How can u treat viruses?
Definition
you cannot, but u can take drug therapy and treat the symptoms
Term
how can u treat bacterial infections?
Definition
antibiotics
Term
what is essential for a virus to survive?
Definition
it must have a living host cell
Term
what is special about the memory fuction in the immune system?
Definition
once the body gets a disease and it goes away, it well recognize the disease in the future and you cannot get it again
Term
what is a pandemic? what was responsible for the pandemic of 1918
Definition
a worldwide outbreak of disease; influenze
Term
why might the destruction of the rain forest cause the emergence of unknown disease?
Definition
releasing viruses from unknown species
Term
how can a virus be used to improve human genetic composition?
Definition
it can deliver missing DNA
Term
what is a vaccine?
Definition
a virus stimulating an immune reaction
Term
what does the cytoplasm of bacterium contain?
Definition
minerals and ions necessary for life
Term
how do bacterium move?
Definition
flagella- long whiplike tails that move them in a circular motion, some secrete a slime and use wavelike contractions to move through it, and spirillum move in a corkscrew rotation
Term
how do parasitic bacteria survive?
Definition
they eat in or on a host cell (E. coli)
Term
saprophytic surive?
Definition
they eat dead things, they are decomposers
Term
describe the types of autotrophic bacteria:
Definition
chemoautotrophic: live deep in trenches and use chemical reactions to make food
Term
photoautotrophic
Definition
they get their food/ glucose from sunlight - they are found on the surface of lakes
Term
obligate anaerobes and an example
Definition
must not have oxygen and C. botulinum (botulism)
Term
facultative
Definition
can live with or without oxygen (E. coli)
Term
Obligate aerobes
Definition
must have oxygen, teburculosis
Term
Explain retroviruses:
Definition
they contain reverse transcriptase, which is an enzyme that enables the virus to make viral DNA, the Viral DNA then makes viral mRNA which directs the production of new viruses
Term
what is the name of a scientist that studies the spread of infectious disease called?
Definition
epidemiologist
Term
what are the characteristics of bacteria?
Definition
prokaryotic, microscopic and unicellular
Term
what are the shapes of bacteria?
Definition
coccus - spherical shape, make staph and strep
Bacillus - rod shaped (E. coli)
spirillum - spiral/ corkscrew (Treponema pallidum - causes syphilis)
Term
stepto -
Definition
chain of
Term
staphylo -
Definition
grape like cluster of
Term
describe archaea bacteria
Definition
*live in extreme places
*have unique rRNA
*cell membrane and cell wall compositions are unique too
Term
halophiles:
thermoacidophiles:
Methanogens:
Definition
:live in the dead sea and great salt lake, they love salt
:love heat and acid so they live in vents in volcanoes, and hot springs
:cow intestines,
Term
what is gram + eubacterium killed by? gram -?
Definition
penocillin
Term
what are the shapes of gram - and + ?
Definition
-: spirillum
+: coccus and bacillum
Term
what is a prion?
Definition
a glycoprotein particle implicated in diseases with a long incubation period
Term
what are the steps of the lytic cycle?
Definition
adsorption: virus attaches to receptor proteins on the host cell
entry: virus enters the cell (DNA is injected)
replication: viral parts are maufactured in the cell
assembly: the parts are assembled
release: the cell is weakened, ruptures, and releases the viruses
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