Term
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Definition
| A word substituting for a noun phrase (e.g. I, me, you, he, she, it, they, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| A connecting word that links a noun and its modifiers to the sentence (e.g. in, on, around, after, before, up, upon, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| A connecting word that links a subject and predicate to the sentence (e.g. and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so, because, although, if, when, before, after, etc.). |
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Term
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Definition
| A word grammatically unconnected to the rest of the sentence, often expressing intense emotion (e.g. Oh! Hey! Wow!) |
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Term
| What kinds of words are included in the auxiliary structure class? |
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Definition
| Helping verbs (e.g. have, be, do) and the modal verbs can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must. |
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Term
| What kind of words are considered determiners? |
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Definition
| Articles (a, an, the); demonstratives (this, that, these, those); quantifiers (e.g. one, two, some, many, few, a few, etc.); and possessives (e.g. my, his, her, their). |
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Term
| What are some examples of qualifiers? |
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Definition
| e.g. rather, somewhat, very. |
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Term
| What kinds of words are included in the relative structure class? |
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Definition
| relative pronouns (e.g. who, whom, which, that) and relative adverbs (when, where). |
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Term
| What kinds of words are included in the interrogative structure class? |
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Definition
| interrogative pronouns (e.g. who? whom? which? what?), interrogative adjectives (which? what?), and interrogative adverbs (why? how? when? where? whichever? whoever? whomever?). |
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Term
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Definition
| A word that names a person, place, or thing. |
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Term
| How can you use the INFLECTION test to tell if a word is a NOUN? |
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Definition
| If the word takes the pluralizing suffix -s and/or the possessive suffix -'s. |
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Term
| How can you use the DERIVATION test to tell if a word is a NOUN? |
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Definition
| If it has the noun-making affix [-ment] or [-ion] OR if may take the suffix [-ful] to make an adjective. |
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Term
| What is the CO-OCCURRENCE test for a NOUN? |
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Definition
If the word fits into the following frame:
[(optional article)+WORD+verb phrase.] |
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Term
| What are the 4 form classes? |
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Definition
| Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs |
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Term
| Define FORM CLASSES and tell why they're so named. |
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Definition
| Classes of words that carry the primary meaning in a sentence. They are called FORM CLASSES because they change "form" (e.g. boy/boys) |
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Term
| Define STRUCTURE CLASSES and tell why they're so named. |
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Definition
| Classes of words whose primary function is to build grammatical structure rather than convey meaning. They're called STRUCTURE CLASSES b/c they provide the supporting "structure" for the form classes (e.g. FROM boys, TO boys, WITH boys). |
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Term
| What are the 5 structure classes? |
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Definition
| Pronouns, conjunctions, auxiliary verbs, determiners, and prepositions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form that can be attached to the beginning or end of a word, typically a noun, verb, adjective, or adverb. |
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Term
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Definition
| An affix attached to the beginning of a word. |
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Term
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Definition
| An affix attached to the end of a word. |
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Term
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Definition
| A suffix that modifies the form of a noun, verb, or adjective, without changing the class of the word. |
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Term
| Name the 2 inflectional affixes that go with NOUNS and give an example of each. |
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Definition
1. Plural (boys)
2. Possessive (boy's) |
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Term
| Name the 2 inflectional affixes that go with ADJECTIVES/ADVERBS and give an example of each. |
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Definition
1. Comparative (taller)
2. Superlative (tallest) |
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Term
| Name the 4 inflectional affixes that go with VERBS and give an example of each. |
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Definition
1. 3rd person singular (he walks)
2. Past tense (he walked)
3. Past participle (he has walked)
4. Present participle (he is walking) |
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Term
| How can you use the INFLECTION test to determine if a certain word is an ADJECTIVE? |
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Definition
| If it can be made comparative with [-er] or [more] and can be made superlative with [-est] or [most]. |
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Term
| How can you use the INFLECTION test to determine if a certain word is a VERB? |
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Definition
| If it can be inflected in the following ways: as a 3rd person singular (he walks); in the past tense (he walked); as a past participle (he has walked); as a present participle (he is walking). |
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Term
| How can you use the DERIVATION test to determine if a certain word is an ADJECTIVE? |
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Definition
| If it has the suffix [-able] or [-ible], OR if it can take the affix [-ness] |
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Term
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Definition
| The items that can precede or follow a word in question. |
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Term
What part of speech fits in this frame:
[(optional article)+WORD+verb phrase.] |
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Definition
| This is the frame for a NOUN. |
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Term
What part of speech fits into these 2 frames:
[Don't+WORD.]
[You must+WORD.] |
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Definition
| These are the frames for a VERB. |
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Term
| Define: an ADJECTIVAL word |
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Definition
| A word that is not necessarily an adjective but that appears in a position normally occupied by an adjective. |
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Term
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Definition
| A word that replaces another part of speech, usually an antecedent that occurred earlier in the same sentence or stretch of discourse (e.g. earlier in the same paragraph or conversation). Note: the affix "pro-" means "for," so a pro-form is a form that stands in "for" another word or phrase. |
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Term
In the following sentence, determine the capitalized word's part of speech an provide reasoning from 2 of the 4 structural tests:
"We were OUTFOXED by our opponents." |
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Definition
OUTFOXED is a verb.
1. Inflection test: past tense inflection
2. Co-occurrence test: fits verb frames ("Don't OUTFOX...You must OUTFOX...") |
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Term
In the following sentence, determine the capitalized word's part of speech an provide reasoning from 2 of the 4 structural tests:
"They DECORATED their front door with a wreath, and so did their neighbors." |
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Definition
DECORATED is a verb here.
1. Inflectional: past tense
2. Co-occurrence: fits verb frames ("Don't DECORATE...You must DECORATE...")
3. Pro-form: Pro-verb phrase |
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Term
In the following sentence, determine the capitalized word's part of speech an provide reasoning from 2 of the 4 structural tests:
"He is one of the most DECORATED soldiers in history." |
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Definition
DECORATED is an adjective here.
1. Co-occurrence: fits adj frame ("The DECORATED soldier...")
2. Inflectional (irregular) |
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Term
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Definition
| A word that indicates an action or state of being. |
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Term
| How can you use the INFLECTION test to determine if a certain word is an ADVERB? |
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Definition
| If it can be made comparative with [-er] or [more] and can be made superlative with [-est] or [most]. |
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Term
| How can you use PRO-FORM SUBSTITUTION to determine if a certain word is a NOUN? |
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Definition
| Pronouns can substitute for the noun phrase, which may consist of the noun alone or the noun plus modifiers. |
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Term
| How can you use the DERIVATION test to determine if a certain word is a VERB? |
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Definition
| If the word has the verb-making affix [-ize] |
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Term
| How can you use PRO-FORM SUBSTITUTION to determine if a certain word is a VERB? |
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Definition
| If the verb phrase can be substituted with [do] or [do so] or [so]. (e.g. "If those people can pass this course, so can you.") |
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Term
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Definition
| A word that modifies a noun to tell what kind, how many, or what it is like. |
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Term
| What are 2 ways to use the CO-OCCURRENCE test to determine if a word is an ADJECTIVE? |
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Definition
1. If it can fit into both slots in the following frame:
["The [WORD] man seems very [WORD]."]
2. If the word can be qualified or intensified by words such as very, rather, somewhat, quite, really, fairly, too, awfully, pretty. |
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Term
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Definition
| A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb |
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Term
| How could you use the DERIVATION test to determine if a certain word is an ADVERB? |
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Definition
| If the word has an adverb-making suffix (e.g. suddenLY, crossWISE, homeWARD) |
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Term
What part of speech fits into the following frames:
["The old man told his story [WORD]."]
["The woman walked her dog [WORD]."] |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the DEFINITE article and when is it used? |
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Definition
| "The"; it is used when the referent of a NP is thought to be uniquely identifiable, for one reason or another. |
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Term
| What are the INDEFINITE articles? |
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Definition
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Term
Tell whether the capitalized word in the following sentence is DEFINITE/INDEFINITE and whether it's SPECIFIC/NON-SPECIFIC:
"Annie wants to buy A HORSE; so far, she has looked at several." |
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Definition
| INDEFINITE and NON-SPECIFIC |
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Term
Tell whether the capitalized word in the following sentence is DEFINITE/INDEFINITE and whether it's SPECIFIC/NON-SPECIFIC:
"Annie wants to buy A HORSE; it's a very nice Thoroughbred." |
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Definition
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Term
Tell whether the capitalized word in the following sentence is DEFINITE/INDEFINITE and whether it's SPECIFIC/NON-SPECIFIC:
"John is looking for A DOG." |
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Definition
| INDEFINITE and NON-SPECIFIC |
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Term
Tell whether the capitalized word in the following sentence is DEFINITE/INDEFINITE and whether it's SPECIFIC/NON-SPECIFIC:
"John is looking for THAT DOG." |
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Definition
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Term
Tell whether the capitalized word in the following sentence is DEFINITE/INDEFINITE and whether it's SPECIFIC/NON-SPECIFIC:
"JOHN is looking for a dog." |
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Definition
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Term
| A PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE consists of what? |
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Definition
| A PP consists of a preposition followed by a noun phrase (NP). |
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Term
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Definition
| A word that looks like a PREPOSITION but that actually forms part of a verb phrase. |
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Term
| What are the 3 tests to determine if a word is a PARTICLE (rather than a PREPOSITION)? |
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Definition
1. A PARTICLE can be moved to the right of the NP that follows the word; a PREPOSITION cannot.
2. Only a PREPOSITION can be "fronted" (moved to the very front of the sentence, creating 'Yoda-speak'); PARTICLES cannot.
3. A PREPOSITIONAL phrase can be replaced by a PRO-FORM such as "there" or "then"; a PARTICLE cannot. |
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Term
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Definition
| Words that names unique, specific entities (e.g. Sarah, Thursday, California) |
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Term
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Definition
| Words that do not refer to unique entities (e.g. cat, honesty, computers, mail) |
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Term
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Definition
| Nouns that can be pluralized and can co-occur with "many", "these", and "those", all of which indicate plurality. |
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Term
| Define: NONCOUNT NOUNS (aka MASS nouns) |
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Definition
| Nouns that can't be pluralized and can't co-occur with plural determiners such as "many", "these", and "those"; however, they CAN co-occur with "much", "little", and "a great deal of" |
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Term
| True or False: Some nouns can function as both count and noncount nouns. |
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Definition
| TRUE (e.g. time, personality, experience, exercise, and work) |
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Term
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Definition
| When no suffix is added to a word to signal the plural form. |
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Term
| Define: REFLEXIVE pronouns |
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Definition
| Pronouns characterized by the suffix [-self] or [-selves]. (e.g. myself, yourself, himself, themselves, ourselves) |
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Term
| What are the RECIPROCAL pronouns? |
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Definition
| "each other" and "one another" |
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Term
| What are the DEMONSTRATIVE pronouns, and what do they do? |
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Definition
| "this", "that", "these", and "those"; these words can actually function either as determiners or pronouns |
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Term
| What are INDEFINITE pronouns? |
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Definition
| A group of words that generally indicate quantity or amount (e.g. all, any, most, much, neither, each, little, one, several, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| The rightmost verb in a simple sentence. |
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Term
| What are the 5 main verbs (sometimes called the 5 PRINCIPLE PARTS) in English? |
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Definition
1. Infinitive
2. Present tense
3. Past tense
4. Present Participle
5. Past Participle |
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Term
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Definition
| The basic or "pure" (uninflected) form of a verb, usually follows the word "to" (e.g. to go, to win, to walk) |
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Term
Which of the 5 PRINCIPLE PARTS is identified by the following frames:
["She always [WORD]."] and ["I always [WORD]."] |
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Definition
| These are the PRESENT TENSE frames. |
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Term
Which of the 5 PRINCIPLE PARTS is identified by the following frame:
["Yesterday, I [WORD]."] |
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Definition
| This is the PAST TENSE frame. |
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Term
| Define: WEAK/REGULAR verbs |
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Definition
| Verbs that form their past tense by adding an [-ed] inflection (e.g. walked, mailed, married) |
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Term
| Define: STRONG/IRREGULAR verbs |
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Definition
| Verbs that typically form their past tense by an internal vowel change rather than by the addition of a suffix (e.g. sang, ran, fell) |
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Term
| What is the easiest way to identify the PRESENT PARTICIPLE of a verb? |
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Definition
| It's a word that always ends in [-ing] (e.g. running, walking, being, etc.) |
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Term
Which of the 5 PRINCIPLE PARTS is identified by the following frame:
["I am [WORD]."] |
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Definition
| This is the PRESENT PARTICIPLE frame |
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Term
Which of the 5 PRINCIPLE PARTS is identified by the following frame:
["I have [WORD]."] |
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Definition
| This is the PAST PARTICIPLE frame |
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Term
| Define: the PREDICATE of a sentence |
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Definition
| The part of a sentence that contains the verb plus its object (direct or indirect) and other various modifiers. |
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Term
| What are the 3 main PREDICATE types in English? |
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Definition
1. Transitive
2. Intransitive
3. Linking |
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Term
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Definition
| Verbs that occur with a direct object. |
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Term
| Define: INTRANSITIVE verbs |
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Definition
| Verbs that don't occur with a direct object. |
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Term
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Definition
| The entity or thing that is affected by the action described by the verb. |
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Term
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Definition
| The word(s) that identify the recipient or beneficiary of the action described by the verb. |
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Term
| Define: OBJECT COMPLEMENT |
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Definition
| An item that "completes" or "fills in" information about the direct object. |
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Term
| What are the LINKING VERBs, and what do they do? |
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Definition
Forms of "to be" and "seem, feel, look, appear, taste, smell, sound";
Rather than representing an action, these verbs "link" the subject and the predicate (which describes some characteristic of the subject). These words are sometimes called "Copular" or "Copulative" verbs, since the "couple" or unite two sentence elements. |
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Term
| PARTICLE or PREPOSITION?: "I don't think they have DECIDED ON a name." |
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Definition
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Term
| PARTICLE or PREPOSITION?: "She MADE UP the quiz." |
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Definition
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Term
| PARTICLE or PREPOSITION?: "He BROUGHT UP an unpleasant subject at the meeting." |
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Definition
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Term
| PARTICLE or PREPOSITION?: "Why don't you CALL UP your mother?" |
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Definition
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Term
| PARTICLE or PREPOSITION?: "She may CALL ON that student for the answer." |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 VERB types in the AUXILIARY SYSTEM? |
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Definition
1. Modals
2. Auxiliary 'have'
3. Auxiliary 'be' |
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Term
| Recite the 5 MODALS (should take 2 seconds) |
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Definition
| can could may might shall should will would must |
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Term
| What type of verb follows a MODAL? |
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Definition
| An infinitive, or uninflected, verb |
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Term
| Recite the 3 AUXILIARY HAVE verbs. |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of verb always follows AUXILIARY HAVE? |
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Definition
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Term
| Recite the 6 AUXILIARY BE verbs. |
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Definition
| am are is, was were, been |
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Term
| What type of verb always follows AUXILIARY BE? |
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Definition
| A present participle verb |
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Term
| Recite the 3 AUXILIARY DO verbs |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of verb always follows AUXILIARY DO? |
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Definition
| An infinitive (uninflected) verb |
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Term
| True or False: All of the auxiliary verbs (Modals, Aux Have, Aux Be, Aux Do) can co-occur with each other. |
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Definition
| FALSE: AUXILIARY DO never co-occurs with any other auxiliary verbs |
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Term
| What is the ASPECT of a verb? |
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Definition
| The relation between the time that a sentence is uttered and the time that the situation described in the sentence occurred. |
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Term
| Define: the PRESENT PERFECT ASPECT |
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Definition
| (e.g. "has eaten") Aspect that indicates that the situation described in the sentence began at some point earlier than the utterance time (expressed through AUXILIARY HAVE) |
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Term
| Define: the PAST PERFECT ASPECT |
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Definition
| (e.g. "had eaten") Aspect that indicates an activity or situation that ended earlier than some other past time (formed by using a past-tense form of AUX HAVE) |
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Term
| Define: the FUTURE PERFECT ASPECT |
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Definition
| (e.g. "will have eaten") Aspect that indicates an activity or situation that will be completed from the view point of some time in the future (formed by using "will", contracted or uncontracted, followed by "have" and a past participle) |
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Term
| Define: the PRESENT PROGRESSIVE ASPECT |
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Definition
| (e.g. "is eating") Aspect that indicates an activity in progress (form of AUX BE) |
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Term
| Define: the PAST PROGRESSIVE ASPECT |
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Definition
| (e.g. "was eating") Aspect that indicates an activity that was in progress in the past (formed by using a past-tense form of AUX BE) |
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Term
| Define: the FUTURE PROGRESSIVE ASPECT |
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Definition
| (e.g. "will be eating") Aspect that indicates an activity that will take place in the future (formed by using "will" followed by "be" and a present participle) |
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Term
| Define: the PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE ASPECT |
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Definition
| (e.g. "has been eating") Aspect that indicates states or activities leading up to the present time, i.e. the time of utterance of the sentence (formed by combining forms of AUX HAVE and AUX BE) |
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Term
| Define: the PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE ASPECT |
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Definition
| (e.g. "had been eating") Aspect that indicates states or activities that were in progress up to some past time. |
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Term
| Define: the FUTURE PAST PROGRESSIVE ASPECT |
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Definition
| (e.g. "will have been eating") Aspect that indicates progressive states or activities that will end in the future. |
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Term
| Explain ACTIVE VOICE and give an example |
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Definition
| [X broke Y]; "Chris punched Eric." |
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Term
| Explain PASSIVE VOICE and give an example |
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Definition
| [Y was broken by X]; "The car was dented by the pole." |
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Term
| In phrase structure grammar, what are the 5 phrase types? |
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Definition
1. sentence (S)
2. noun phrase (NP)
3. verb phrase (VP)
4. prepositional phrase (PP)
5. adjectival phrase (AP) |
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Term
| What is the PS rule for SENTENCES? |
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Definition
| [S --> NP - VP] "All grammatical 'kernel' sentences in English consist of an NP followed by a VP." |
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