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| factors such as intonation, stress, rate of speech that are superimposed on speech segments, also called suprasegmentals |
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| the emphasis given to a word or syllable during the articulation of a sentence, i.e. BLACKbird vs blackBIRD |
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| the use of pitch to signal meaning |
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| a pattern of pitch changes characteristic of an utterance as a whole, such as the rising intonation often found in questions |
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| speed at which speech is articulated |
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| branch of phonetics that specifies the articulatory gestures associated with each speech sound |
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| speech sounds during which the vocal tract is open during production |
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| speech sounds during which the vocal tract is partially or fully closed during production |
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| a consonant articulated at the lips, i.e. b,p |
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| a consonant articulated at the alveolar ridge (d,t) |
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| pronounced by placing the tongue against the velum at the back of the mouth (g,k) |
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| a consonant in which the vocal tract is completely closed, building up air pressure, then abruptly released |
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| a consonant in which the vocal tract is partially closed during articulation such as the f in fat |
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| a consonant that begins with complete closure of the vocal tract, followed by gradual release of air pressure, such as the ch in church |
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| the opening between the vocal chords |
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| vocal chords vibrate, such as in /b/ |
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| vocal chords are separated and are not vibrating |
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| branch of phonetics that specifies the acoustic characteristics associated with each sound |
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Definition
| visual representation of the speech signal |
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Definition
| concentrated band of energy found in the sound spectograms of phonemes |
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Definition
| a rapid increase or decrease in frequency at the beginning of phonemes |
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Definition
| the portion of a formant that is of relatively consistent frequency |
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Definition
| when spectogram reveals that different phonemes of the are encoded into the speech signal simultaneously |
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Definition
| the process of articulating more than one speech sound at a time |
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| context-conditioned variation |
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| the fact that the acoustic parameters associated with a given speech sound vary with the phonetic context (refers to spectogram) |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to fact that the manner in which a consonant is produced varies with the vowel that follows it |
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Definition
| a level of speech perception in which the speech signal is represented in terms of frequency, intensity, and temporal attributes |
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Term
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Definition
| a level of speech perception in which the speech signal is represented in terms of acoustic cues (such as formant transition) |
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Definition
| a level of speech perception in which the speech signal is converted into a phoneme and phonological rules are applied to the sound sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| fact that there is not one-to-one correspondence between acoustic cues and perceptual events |
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| the inability to discriminate sounds within a phonemic category |
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| the process of taking the rate of speech into consideration when using acoustic cues during speech perception |
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Definition
| the process of taking the pitch of the speaker into account when using acoustic cues during speech perception |
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Definition
| a top-down process in which the listener uses the context to restore phonemes missing from the speech signal |
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Term
| mispronunciation detection |
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Definition
| an experimental task in which subjects are presented with auditory cues that occasionally include mispronounced words. The subject's task is to detect the mispronunciations. |
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| an experimental task in which subjects repeat what they hear |
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| a method of mapping the sounds of a language onto a set of written symbols |
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Definition
| an orthography in which spoken words are represented by visual symbols; takes the word or morpheme as the linguistic unit and pairs it with a pictorial symbol, called the logograph or character |
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Definition
| in logography, a group of strokes related to meaning |
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| an orthography in which syllables are represented by visual symbols |
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| a writing system in which each letter is supposed to represent a phoneme |
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| minimal unit of sound that *contributes to* meaning |
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| smallest unit of meaning in a language |
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| a printed letter of an alphabet |
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| a level of written language perception in which a visual stimulus is represented in terms of the physical features that comprise a letter of the alphabet, such as a vertical line, curved line, etc |
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Definition
| the level of written perception in which a visual stimulus is represented as a letter of an alphabet |
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| a level of written language perception in which a visual stimulus is represented as a familiar word |
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Term
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Definition
| movements of the eyes during reading, approx 10-20 milliseconds in duration |
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Definition
| saccades that move backwards, generally believed to indicate that reader has misunderstood and gone back to reanalyze the text |
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Term
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Definition
| time that we spend at a given location between eye movements. Duration fluctuates related to ease or difficulty of the text. |
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Definition
| size of the area from which a reader picks up visual information |
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| a machine that presents visual stimuli for very brief periods of time |
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Definition
| Reicher's study provided the first clear evidence that Word Superiority Effect was perceptual. His results suggest that we process letters more efficiently within words, implying that word processing aids letter identification, rather than vice versa. |
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Term
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Definition
| a reading impairment due to brain damage in a previously literate person |
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Definition
| a person's ability to read NON-words aloud is disrupted while the reading of words remains normal |
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Term
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Definition
| an individual retains the naming of NON-words but not words |
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